Cotton planting season for cotton is already upon us. Planting cotton into the most favorable temperature conditions results in good stands and vigorous plants. The 5-day forecast of degree-days (heat units) is provided to help California's San Joaquin Valley and Sacramento Valley cotton growers determine suitable weather to plant cotton and avoid chilling injury to emerging cotton seedlings. Healthy, vigorous plants are a good foundation of an IPM Program.

UC Cooperative Extension, UC IPM Program has been providing cotton planting forecast to cotton growers and PCAs for over 20 years. The system is now available for the 2012 season. This forecast, with the planting guidelines, should be used in conjunction with soil temperatures (at seed depth) above 58°F for timely, vigorous seedling establishment.

The degree-day forecasts are based on the best available weather forecast from National Weather Service. However, local conditions may cause some variation. Use your judgment if your local temperatures are different. If your min/max temperatures are above those reported, then your degree-days will be higher; if your min/max temperatures are below those reported, then your degree-days will be less.

Planting Guidelines using 5-day
Degree-Day Forecast

Forecast Degree-Days	Planting Conditions
> 20	Ideal
16 - 20	Adequate
11 - 15	Marginal
< = 10	Unfavorable

 The degree-day accumulations are calculated using the single-triangle method and a lower threshold of 60°F with no upper threshold. Forecast temperatures were accessed from the National Weather Service Web sites for Hanford and Sacramento.
 
   In 2004, an evaluation of the accuracy of UC cotton planting forecasts for 1998 through 2002, for Bakersfield and Fresno was published in California Agrculture and showed:

• In March, planting only on days with ideal category forecasts (which occurred on 25% of March days), can likely avoid the need to replant due to incorrect forecasts predicting favorable planting conditions.
• In April, following the forecast is quite safe, since it failed to predict unfavorable planting conditions (which occurred on 29% of April days) on average only 1 day out of 30 April days.

See the article for details.

Gathering in a cotton field near Mendota, CA, farmers, pest control advisers and UC Cooperative Extension gathered to discuss approaches to the challenges in cotto

n production in the next few weeks. Sponsored by the Sustainable Cotton Project (SCP) and UCCE, the participants shared their experience, opinions and suggestions for dealing with key issues in the next few weeks. All agreed that it is essential to set as much fruit in the next few weeks as possible and that the greatest threat is Lygus feeding on young fruit.

Three main factors for Lygus management need to be considered: 

What is the source?

Is it a strong source such as safflower or seed alfalfa which produces large numbers of Lygus as the crop is prepared for harvest? Is it alfalfa hay which can mitigate the movement of the pest if habitat is preserved? Is it weaker sources like tomato or other poorer hosts which produce far fewer?

How far from the source is the field? The greater the distance from the source, the less the threat. Even the strongest sources have a limited sphere of influence, perhaps no greater than 2 miles.  

How many Lygus are in the field and how much threat do they present?

It is essential to frequently monitor and record the cotton fruit retention as well as the population density of Lygus bugs. Both are critical for making the best decision. Small numbers of Lygus in a field with poor retention is a greater threat than a larger population in a well fruiting field. Remember the cotton integrates all stress, bugs or weather, and reflects that in current fruiting conditions  See details in Field Check link below.  

What to use to control Lygus?

Chose your material carefully to limit resistance pressure on the pest target. Understand IRAC mode of action labels and utilize rotation of active ingredients. Start with the most selective products to preserve your valuable inventory of natural enemies and avoid secondary outbreaks of aphids, mites or whiteflies. Move to more broad-spectrum insecticides later in the season. For a summary of UC IPM Guidelines for Lygus, see link below.

Group consenus

All ageed that the next four weeks is the critical period for setting fruit and establishing yield. They also noted that 2011 is only slightly behind 2010 which was a good year, yield-wise. Good management, including conscientious monitoring and decision making for Lygus can go a long way in setting up the remainder of the year.

Finally, most agreed that time spent checking your fields is an investment, not an expense.

For over 20 years, UC has recommended plant based measurements as a basis for production decisions. These decisions include timing for Lygus treatments, using plant growth regulators, determining crop cutout and planning for defoliation. Details are

available from the Cotton Production Manual, UC ANR Publication 3352.

Why use plant based measures? Think of the plant like a patient in the physician’s office. Often questions that the doctor asks helps guide us toward a treatment. Likewise the cotton can tell a story, if you know how to read it.  For Lygus management decisions, there are three key features; the age of the plant (number of fruiting branches), the early fruit (retention of fruit on the bottom five fruiting branches) and the current fruit load (retention of fruit on the top five fruiting branches).

The cotton plant cannot lie about previous stress it has suffered, including cool weather, early insect damage, poor irrigation timing or heat. Competition within the cotton plant for
resources is One stress we often ignore. Cotton produces more fruit than it can
mature because it produces fruit as insurance for its species survival. Thus,
as the season progresses, fruit is less likely to be retained under normal
yield loads. We know this because we measured it and can provide predictive
guidance about the probability of any fruit being maintained to harvest.

If you know the age of the plant, the current fruit load on the bottom and the current fruit load in top, you can determine whether your current retention is greater than expected (see table). If fruit was lost early, regardless of the cause, the current top fruit is more valuable and should be retained.

Coupling the expected fruit retention with Lygus population density  estimates from sweep counts, a good interpretation can be made regarding the threat of that population. If fruit is predicted to drop anyway because of existing fruit load, more Lygus can be tolerated. See complete instructions and calculator at  www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/C114/m114mklygusdecisn.html.

Letting the cotton plant tell its story is essential for setting treatment thresholds for Lygus. The threshold is dynamic depending on crop condition, age of the plant, time of year and surrounding sources for pests. Please go to cottoninfo.ucdavis.edu/IMAGES/FieldCheck_June_2011.pdf
and download,   Using Plant Based Measurements to Support Lygus Management Decisions.

Preventing Lygus bugs from coming into a cotton field is the next best thing to not having the pest at all. Since cotton is embedded in a complex cropping mosaic, bugs building in neighboring fields can move to cotton. While cotton is not a preferred crop for this insect to set up a household, it will, nonetheless, settle in if nothing else is available.

Alfalfa hay, on the other hand, is a crop in which Lygus would prefer to stay and can serve as an important ally in managing Lygus in cotton. The vigorous growing plant with its attractive vegetative growing tips is ideal for Lygus development but does not suffer yield loss by this pest’s feeding. Thus, alfalfa hay can act as a  sponge, soaking up Lygus from the surrounding area. Finally, alfalfa is one of the few crops produced for its vegetative structure rather than its fruit, seed or tuber.  Therefore, Lygus feeding and development is not affected by any plant stress, such as change in physiological condition during reproduction phase.

Since there is no indication from the plant that harvest is imminent, there is no urge to leave the alfalfa field. Our studies have shown Lygus will remain in a harvested alfalfa field for up to 24 hours before leaving.

However, if given a choice, such as an uncut strip of alfalfa, Lygus will stay longer in the alfalfa field and may not leave at all. Additional trials  at Kearney Ag Center demonstrated that the population density within a strip can triple compared to density prior to harvest. In other words, they will stay on their familiar host as long it is available.

In the next 8 weeks, it is critical to leave uncut strips of alfalfa near cotton to minimize Lygus movement. Mass movement into neighboring cotton field can be prevented by leaving as little as two and half percent of the field left uncut. Providing a little bit of habitat will provide increased diversity during the critical period of early fruit set in cotton. Leaving habitat in the alfalfa field for only two cutting cycles in June and July can provide great return to the cotton grower in Lygus treatment savings, protection of beneficial insects and reduced risk to secondary pest outbreaks.

Throughout the San Joaquin Valley, alfalfa strips have become common and according to farmer testimonials, resulted in substantial savings in cotton treatment costs. These green islands provide a refuge for a reluctant pest and have been incorporated into the cotton IPM programs of thoughtful and progressive farmers.

For more information, see:

The IPM website page on managing Lygus in alfalfa

An impact statement on management of forage quality in strip-cut alfalfa