The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, is an invasive species native to China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. It was first discovered in the United States in 1990s in or near Allentown, PA and distribution of H. halys has grown steadily. Now, it has been reported in 40 states, and the District of Columbia. BMSB is a key pest in tree fruit in the mid-Atlantic region; however, damage from BMSB has also been reported on vegetables, row crops (sweet corn and soybean), ornamentals, and small fruits (caneberry and strawberry) and grapes. Most importantly, BMSBis a serious nuisance because large numbers of adults seek out man-made structures for overwintering.

BMSB adult lays eggs in masses and typically an egg mass consists of ~28 eggs (Fig. 1). There are five immature stages (Fig, 2). In general, adult females are bigger in size than males. Identification of BMSB is not difficult. It has few unique features, which separate it from other native stink bug species in northern central coast of California. BMSB (both adult and nymphs) has two white bands on both antennae on the head and a white band on all the legs as well (Fig 3). These features separates BMSB from native stink bugs, for example, the consperse stink bug.

In 2013, we monitored BMSB from May to October using the BMSB-pheromone (#10 pheromone), a lure [an aggregation pheromone, methyl (2E,4E,6Z)-decatrienoate of the brown-winged green bug, Plautia stali], and half of a dichlorvos-impregnated kill strip (to retain bugs) in a ground-deployed green-pyramid trap (Fig. 5). Six green-pyramid traps were deployed near caneberry, strawberry and apple orchards in Watsonville, Salinas, and Hollister areas. The lure used in these traps has reported cross attractancy to stink bug species including BMSB. BMSB-pheromone was replaced once in four weeks whereas, lure and kill strip were replaced every two week interval. Traps were serviced every week for stink bug captures. Traps captured few adults of native stink bugs such as consperse stink bug and banasa stink bug early in the season but no BMSB was captured.

Recently, we have intercepted BMSB multiple times from warehouses and automobiles from Santa Cruz and Salinas Valley. Overwintering adults have a unique behavior. In fall, adults seek structures, which are tight, dry and dark including packing or plant materials, pallets, crates (Fig. 6) stored in trailer-trucks parked in the areas that have natural populations of BMSB. They hitchhike and expand their distribution as these trucks move to new territories. BMSBs typically remain in the overwintering structures until the following spring as temperature increases.

BMSB is polyphagous - meaning it feeds on several plant hosts. In mid-Atlantic region, BMSB adults emerging from the overwintering sites find food from natural vegetation in the woody areas. As food become scarce in the woody areas, they move into orchards, row crops or vegetables and this movement could happen on daily basis causing economic damage. Santa Cruz has riparian areas and BMSB could easily find food to survive and establish if introduced multiple times. However, Salinas Valley is pretty much composed of irrigated fields. Thus, it is uncertain how quickly BMSB would establish in our area.

At this point, it is critical that we monitor BMSB in our area and potentially delay its establishment using management tools. We are not sure what impact BMSB would have on small fruits, strawberry, or vegetable production in the central coast areas. Also, please let me know once you find one. You could reach me (Shimat Joseph) or Mark (Mark Bolda by email (svjoseph@ucdavis.eduor mpbolda@ucdavis.edu) or phone (831-759-7359).

For further reading, please find the attached UC IPM pest note and summary of BMSB research in its native range in Asia.

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/pestalert/pabrownmarmorated.html

http://cemonterey.ucanr.edu/files/179369.pdf

Acknowledgments

We appreciate the technical assistance provided by Research Assistant Monise Sheehan, for technical assistance. We also thank the growers for providing space to deploy the traps in their orchards for the research and Tracy Leskey for providing the BMSB pheromone (#10-pheromone) for this project.

Just had a great conversation with Mike Cahn, our Irrigation and Water Resources Advisor in Monterey County regarding the salt issues in the berry fields on the Central Coast.

The Basics of Salinity Measurement: Electrical conductivity (EC) is a measure of the combined effect of all the salts in the soil or irrigation water. Generally in irrigation water an EC of less than 1.5 dS/m is not known to present problems for growing strawberries. Strawberries can often tolerate water of EC above 1.5 if the main salts are calcium and sulfate. Soil EC thresholds for strawberry were based on a saturated paste extract from the soil.   A soil paste extract with an EC of 2 or 3 shouldn’t be seen as a big issue for strawberries.   Directly measuring soil EC with a probe (see the example in the photo below) will often produce much higher numbers than would be found from a saturated pasted extract because the salts are concentrated in less soil moisture.

There are different types of salt, and some are more harmful than others to the roots of the plant. One way of gauging how great the potential of harm a certain species of salt presents to the plant is how easily it precipitates out of solution – salts which stay in solution easily will tend to get taken up by the plant root when it pulls up the water while those which precipitate out are solid and not capable of being taken up by the plant root.

So, take for example calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, which are both salts and matter of fact compose most of that white stuff we are seeing on the surface of the soil around here. This white stuff is a precipitate and as a solid won’t be taken up and no longer presents a danger to the plant root. Sodium and chloride on the other hand, stay in solution much more easily and therefore can also be taken up by the plant root. Moreover, since sodium and chloride continue to stay in solution even as water is evaporating away, their concentration rises and they become even more harmful to the plant roots and the plant itself.

Managing Sodium and Chloride: Fortunately, it’s pretty easy to leach away sodium and chloride from around the plant roots. One just needs to add more water to the soil than what is necessary for the plant. Since for example strawberry plants planted in autumn of 2013 are still quite small and the weather has been very cool (meaning low evapotranspiration), Mike estimates probably about a half to 1 inch is all they needed in the last month of December. Any water applied in excess of this amount will leaching away and carrying whatever salt is in solution .

Possible Salt Accumulation from Fertilizers: Since it would seem that harmful levels of sodium and chloride are being leached away by current irrigation practices, Michael and I focused our conversation on the possibility of nitrates from fertilizer – especially the pre-plants- being a major source of the salt damage that we are currently experiencing in our area. Because preplant N is applied in bands near the roots of the transplants and there is little uptake of N at this early stage of growth, nitrate released from the fertilizer may be increasing the salinity near the roots. We calculated that if 90 lbs of N/acre released from 2 bands of fertilizer on 52 inch wide beds, the salinity may increase in the root zone by 3.4 dS/m. During a typical year about 12 inches of rainfall will occur between December and March.  During a drought year, it is possible that the irrigation water applied is of sufficient volume to activate the pre-plant fertilizer but not enough to wash it away and so there is a consequent buildup of harmful nitrate (a salt) right around the root ball.

This will be worth looking into in the very near future.

You may have noticed I've changed the title of this post.  I talked with Michael Cahn from UCCE Monterey and yes, that is salt on the surface of this soil, and its pretty impressive and all, but this stuff is pretty likely calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate which precipitate out pretty easily and present less harm to the plant than something like sodium or chloride. 

So it's still a salt, but not one which is super harmful to the plants.  Lots of you are seeing this white stuff on the bed tops and furrows right now, again it's most likely calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate.  More to come on this subject later.

Just completed a full  diagnosis with UCCE colleagues Jose Aguiar and Steve Koike of some stunted strawberry plants depicted below from the Coachella Valley.  Steve's diagnostic lab found nothing, so we moved on to an analysis of the soil and tissue.

Same deal as what we have been starting to see up here; stunted plants, burnt leaf margins and dying plants.  I ran the samples through a lab test, and sure enough the soil EC for the dead plants is 3.5 dS/m, for dying plants 3.0 dS/m and soil from healthy plants 1.6 dS/m.  Seems the issue is one of a lack of volume and/or movement of water in the sick plots, because we see the easily leachable nitrates and sodium higher in the samples from the dead and dying plants (nitrates: 26 and 30 ppm; sodium: 345 and 299 ppm - yikes!) than from the soil around the healthy plants (nitrates: 9.7 ppm; sodium: 147 ppm).

1/2/2013 Update from tissue samples: Healthy plants (N 2.9%, P 0.52%, K 2.0 %, Mg 0.55%, Na 270 ppm, Cl 4100 ppm, Total S 0.29%, Fe 750 ppm , B 55 ppm); Dying plants (N 3.0%, P 0.47%, K 1.5 %, Mg 0.76%, Na 4500 ppm, Cl 11,000 ppm, Total S 0.4%, Fe 920 ppm , B 52 ppm).  Chloride in the salty plants is up there, but does not compare to the 16x concentrations of sodium found there. 

Strawberry growers across the state need to keep running that water until we get some rain.  There is so much salt building up in these soils right now.