Leeks were grown on 589 acres in Monterey County in 2018 and were worth $10.8 million. Depending on the planting date, they can be in the field for 120 or more days, particularly if they are over wintered. They can be grown from seed, but are commonly transplanted to overcome slow initial plant growth. Weed control in leeks is quite challenging because, like onions, they never form a dense crop canopy that can effectively compete with weeds. In addition, given the long crop cycle, a leek planting may experience flushes of both cool and warm season weeds.

Weed control options in organic leeks consist of 1) locating leek planting on blocks with low weed pressure (e.g. blocks with careful weed control in prior crop rotations), 2) utilizing transplants (to get a head start on weeds), 3) use of preirrigation to germinate a flush of weeds followed by shallow cultivation or flaming to kill them, 4) close cultivation of weeds during the production cycle and 5) hand removal of weeds that escape these aforementioned control methods. Weed control in organic leeks can be effective, but in general, weeding costs can be quite high given the long crop cycle and the need for multiple hand weedings.

In conventional leek production, all the practices just mentioned for use in organic production are also used. In addition, preemergent and post emergent herbicides are available that provide further weed control:

This array of materials provides tools to burn off a flush of weeds prior to planting or transplanting, preemergent control of weeds and post emergent control of grass weeds. What is missing is a post emergent herbicide that controls broadleaf weeds.

Over the past three years we have evaluated Caparol and Lorox as potential post emergent treatments for leeks. Caparol is registered for use on leeks in Canada and the IR4 Program is developing a tolerance for this material in the US. We are working with the IR4 program to conduct crop safety evaluations to provide data to support its eventual registration.

 In a 2018 trial Caparol and Lorox at all rates provided excellent weed control on both evaluation dates (Table 1, and Photo 1.). Caparol and Lorox were both safe on leeks but caused a curious bending of older leaves early in the production cycle (Photo 2); the plants eventually grew out of this symptom and it did not appear to affect the yield. The bent leaves are trimmed off and it does not appear to be a quality issue for the marketability of mature leeks. In the 2019 trial rates above 0.5 lb a.i./A of Lorox reduced leek yield (data not shown). Lorox has the advantage of controlling yellow nutsedge. We observed that Lorox at 1.0 lb a.i./A provided selective control of yellow nutsedge (Photo 3).

 In 2019 we tested the use of Caparol and a liquid formulation of linuron, Linex 4L, for safety and efficacy on onions. We applied these materials at the 2^nd, 3^rd and 4^th true leaf stage. Both materials were safe on onions, but there was greater safety when applied at the later growth stages. For more information on these trials go to: http://cemonterey.ucanr.edu/Vegetable_Crops/Weed_Reports/.

1.0 Weed Control Caparol at 1.0 pint/A

2. Leaf bending caused by Caparol and Lorox

3. Dead yellow nutsedge plant at base of leek plant

On Wednesday October 9th, a Brussels sprout plant sample was submitted to our Entomology laboratory for insect identification.

At the naked eye, we observed some webbing and specks on the leaf (See Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Leaf of Brussels sprout showing some webbing and 'specks'. Affected areas are highlighted with the yellow circles.

Under magnification, we were able to see eggs, nymphs and adults of the two spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae (See Fig. 2). Adults of these specimens have the two black spots on the lateral sides of the anterior end of the podosoma, the area located below their mouth parts.

Fig. 2. Eggs, nymphs and adults of two spotted spider mites on the leaf of Brussels sprout.

TSSM is one of the most polyphagous mites, having several host plants around the world. Females disperse by putting silk strands right after mating and before producing eggs. Dispersing females climb to the top of the plant and specimens are carried out by the wind. This phenomenon called ballooning, aids mites to float through the air and disperse longer distances to reach favorable host plants.

It is highly advised that Brussels sprout growers and PCAs walking this crop, pay close attention to leaves within the canopy to potentially identify the presence of TSSW in this crop.

If you believe you may have TSSM in your Brussels sprouts, please send us a plant sample at 1432 Abbott St. in Salinas for confirming identification (free service), or call us at 831-759-7359 to obtain additional information on this pest.