- Author: Ben Faber
In the past avocados were rarely pruned. In fact, if the trees got very big, growers would stump them down to 3-4 feet and then let them regrow. This would often be a disaster, since the trees rapidly grew to stupendous sizes again. They also might regrow then suddenly collapse, because all that regrowth was coming at the expense of energy being sent to the roots. If the roots were compromised by root rot, they would then not have the energy to fend off the disease. So by bringing the canopy into balance with a sick root system that was continuing to die and was not being fed by a big canopy, the root death would accelerate and when the canopy and root system became imbalanced again, the whole canopy would collapse and the tree would die.
Also, this wild regrowth was wild and hard to manage. The adage of “prune avocado trees cautiously” was heard round the avocado community and as a result many growers would not do anything. The trees growing larger and larger and larger with the fruiting canopy going higher and higher and higher and picking costs and liability going up. Tree thinning was practiced, where every other tree would be removed so that light could penetrate into the orchard, encouraging more fruit production and slowing tree growth. But they would still grow and another thinning would be needed. The original commercial ‘Hass’ orchard in Carpinteria started out in 1954 with 140 trees and 40 years later was down to 17 trees and was still productive, but they were monsters that were finally felled by root rot.
Many commercial avocados are now routinely pruned to keep the trees short, so that harvesting costs and other tree maintenance expenses are reduced. Also more light shines into the trees, so that more fruit is borne on the lower branches. Light or minor pruning can be done any time of year to correct imbalances or limb breakages. However, major or heavy pruning should only be done in the early part of the year from January through April. Avocados flower and bear fruit at stem terminals, so if you give the tree and buzz cut (heading cuts), all the flower terminals will be cut off and there will be no flowering the following year. It also leads to an explosion of water sprouts that result from bud break up and down the branch because the terminal bud which control the buds lower down have been removed. Naphthalene acetic acid (TreeHold) painted on the cut end can be used to restrict some of this wild bud break.
Whenever possible, thinning cuts should be made, where the branch is removed back to a subtending branch. This results in much less wild growth. Also when there are buds that start growing into water sprouts, they can be nipped back to force lateral growth. These laterals will then slow down the growth of the sprout and the side terminal buds will also be able to grow and transition of flower buds later.
Work in Carol Lovatt’s lab at UCR has shown that terminal buds need a certain maturity to flower and the transition from a vegetative bud to a flowering bud occurs sometime in late summer/early fall. If pruning is done in July, there is not enough time for the new buds to mature by August and there will be no flowers from that branch the following spring. New vegetative buds formed on growth from spring will often have enough maturation time to make the transition to flower buds, resulting in flowering the next spring.
Again, light pruning can be done at any time of the year, but removing terminals is removing potential fruiting wood. Therefore, if heavy pruning is needed, it is best to remove one branch at a time. To reduce the height of a tree, cut out the tallest branch one year, the next tallest branch the following year, and so on until the tree is down to the height required. The process may take three to four years. By reducing the height over several years, the tree is put under less stress, less disease is likely to occur and fruit production is not drastically reduced. Pruning the sides of the tree should be done in the same way. Prune off a side branch that most impinges on a neighboring tree one year, then the next worst offender in the second year, and over the years continue this process until there is light all around the tree.
If pruning creates major open areas in the tree to sun-light where there once was shade, the exposed branches should be painted with white latex paint diluted with water so that it can be sprayed on. It needs to be white enough that it can reflect sunlight and avoid heat damage that can cause sunburn. Sunburn can utterly destroy all the work that has been done.
If the trees are really monsters, the only real alternative is to bring the whole tree down. But not stumping, rather scaffolding where much of the structure is maintained. This is where the tree is brought down to as high a height as is convenient and safe. By cutting the tree to a height of 8 feet or so, there is not so much rank regrowth because a greater portion of the tree is retained. Also many times there are leafy branches that remain that will flower and fruit and slow the wild regrowth. Water sprouts that form should be headed back to force lateral growth that encourages stems that will flower, which will also slow the wild regrowth.
And one last warning. Do not. Do not. Do not. Got it? Prune sick trees. If the roots are compromised, the regrowth is going to be hard on the roots. Get the trees perked up with one of the phophite products so that they are ready to go through this process. You may have to wait a couple years to start the pruning process until the trees are in shape for the rigors.
Image: Don't make cuts like this.
- Author: Ben Faber
There is a running debate about whether avocado canopies should be skirted up, raised up so that you can see under the canopy. In doing so, the tree’s tendency is to maintain its bearing volume by increasing a similar amount in height that is lost by removing the bottom layer of canopy. A tree with a full canopy is more cold resistant because it traps heat inside the canopy and is not so prone to cold winds. In an inversion freeze, though, warming air from irrigation, wind machines and orchard heaters is less likely to circulate when the skirts block air movement. A low skirt also impedes a uniform application of water from microsprinklers, and hence fertilizer distribution. A low skirt also has more fruit lying on the ground which is more uneven in coloration and more prone to disease and possibly food safety issues. A raised skirt also promotes more air circulation within the canopy which can reduce the incidence of some other diseases of both fruit, stems and branches.
A raised skirt, though exposes the base to light, and if there is no leaf mulch, there are more weeds to control. In the case of hillsides, because of gravity and wind exposure, leaves tend to blow away. The roots are now more exposed to drying because of increased evaporative loss. Loss of leaves is also a major disease problem, since leaves and organic matter are the first lines of defense (after proper irrigation management) against Phytophthora root rot. It is the microorganisms breaking down the leaves that create a hostile environment for the Phytophthora pathogen. In fact, in releasing enzymes to break down organic matter, the microorganisms also break down the cell walls of Phytophthora which are made of the same material as leaves. An orchard with no leaves is wide open to root rot infection.
So I propose something modest. On flat ground where trees are more prone to frost damage, and less subject to winds blowing away leaves that the trees are skirted. On slopes, though where winds blow away leaves and the trees are less subject to low lying cold, that the skirts are left. To maintain a more even water distribution, though, windows are cut into the canopy on the side facing the microsprinkler so that the canopy does not interfere with water spray.
- Author: Gary S. Bender
Since our last article on high-density avocados appeared in Topics in Subtropics we have had a lot of questions from growers concerning the cost of installation of such a grove. We have also had a lot of interest from potential winegrape growers who think this might be the way to go given that wine-grapes use about 25% of the amount of water per acre compared to avocados. For higher quality wines growers use less water, but harvest lower pounds/acre.
I am currently advising a student at Cal State San Marcos who is doing a cost study for removing an avocado grove and installing a winegrape planting in San Diego County. Hopefully we will have an article on that in the near future.
We don’t have a lot of experience in high density avocados but we will try to show some costs to help you decide.
Clearing an older grove can get expensive. In a study we did in 2010 we found that it cost $40/tree to cut a tree down, haul the cut wood down to a firewood stack and haul to small branches to a chipper. The old stump is usually killed with a herbicide and left in place to rot. So, just to remove a tree at 109 trees/acre may cost $4,360 per acre.
For our high density planting we will be planting Hass avocados grafted on Dusa rootstock. We are using this rootstock because it appears from several trials to be a good rootstock for resistance to avocado root rot in the well-draining hillside soils in San Diego County.
The current price is about $30/tree (plus or minus). For a 10’ x 10’ spacing we would plant about 435 trees per acre, this would be an initial cost of $13,500/acre. We are not calculating the cost of a grove road installation, and we are assuming that the entire acre would be planted.
Planting cost: digging, planting, wrapping and staking trees takes about 15 minutes per tree. This includes carrying the tree to the hole. At 435 trees per acre, this would take about 109 hrs. At $14/hr, this would cost $1526/ac. Stakes (435) at $2.25/stake would cost $979/ac.
The irrigation system installation would cost $2,660/ac. This is based on an entire system being installed in a 20 acre block, divided by 20 to get the cost per acre.
There are quite a few other costs that you can see from our complete avocado cost study, but these basic costs will get the trees in the ground (Table 1).
Table 1. Basic costs for the installation of a high density avocado grove. |
|
Trees (Hass on Dusa rootstock) |
$13,500 |
|
|
Planting (digging, planting and wrapping) |
$1,526 |
|
|
Stakes |
$979 |
|
|
Irrigation system |
$2,660 |
|
|
Total |
$18,665/acre |
If you are thinking about planting 10 acres, then you would need $186,650 in the bank to get the trees in the ground. There will be some shifting of costs because this study does not include clearing or building of grove roads, and with grove roads you will be planting less numbers of trees/acre.
Will you make more money in the long run? That is the question we are trying to answer with our high density trial in Valley Center.
Reference
Bender, G.S. and E. Takele. 2010. A guide to estimate compensation for loss of a single avocado tree. University of California Cooperative Extension county publication AV 606.
Takele, E., Bender, G.S., and M.Vue. 2011. Avocado sample establishment and production costs and profitability analysis for San Diego and Riverside counties, conventional production practices. http://coststudies.ucdavis.edu/
- Author: Ben Faber
Biochar is a partially burned organic matter that can be used as a soil amendment. Its use was identified in the Amazon jungles where the terra preta (black earth) was first identified in areas where humans had incorporated the charcoal and improved plant growth was noted. There is a growing industry world-wide to take organic matter and create biochar because of potential environmental benefits, such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved soil fertility, reduced leaching of nutrients and chemicals from plant root zones, and water retention. Biochar could potentially last for hundreds of years once incorporated in the soil. There have been many claims for biochar, but so far there is not a lot of scientific basis for these claims. One of the results recently has been the standardization and testing methods for biochar, so the material can be better characterized and studies can be standardized. The guidelines can be found at this link: http://www.biochar-international.org/sites/default/files/Guidelines_for_Biochar_That_Is_Used_in_Soil_Final.pdf
Biochar has been most notable in soils that are of poor quality which are characteristic of highly leached soils found in the Amazon. The question is can biochar perform in the relatively young soils of California where irrigation and nutrients are better controlled. We are doing a quick and dirty little trial on avocado and citrus to evaluate plant performance in rocky soils, calcareous soils and with trees that are doing “poorly”. If we see some indication that there is something working, we will expand the study with more rigor and more situations.
Photo of Terra Preta from Cornell University's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
- Author: Ben Faber
California Avocado Growers Seminar Series 2013
“New and Important Tools For Avocado…”
Presented by:
California Avocado Society, Inc.
California Avocado Commission
University of California Cooperative Extension
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**February Seminar: Harvesting Strategies, Post-Harvest Handling, and H2A Updates
February 5th (Tuesday): San Luis Obispo (1-3 PM) Cooperative Extension Office/ Auditorium, 2156 Sierra Way, San Luis Obispo
February 6th (Wednesday): Ventura (9-11 AM) Ventura Government Center/Lower Plaza Assembly Room, 800 South Victoria Ave, Ventura
February 7th (Thursday) Temecula (9-11 AM) Temecula Civic Center, 41000 Main Street, Temecula
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**April Seminar: Chemical Strategies and Pest Updates
April 2nd (Tuesday): San Luis Obispo (1 - 3 PM) Cooperative Extension Office/ Auditorium, 2156 Sierra Way, San Luis Obispo
April 3rd (Wednesday): Ventura (9 - 11 AM) Cooperative Extension County Office/Conference Room, 669 County Square Drive, Ventura
April 4th (Thursday): Temecula (9 - 11 AM) Temecula Civic Center, 41000 Main Street, Temecula
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**June Outdoor Seminar: Field Fertilization and Herbicide Uses
June 4th (Tuesday): San Luis Obispo (1 - 3 PM) Location TBA
June 5th (Wednesday): Ventura (9 - 11 AM) Location TBA
June 6th (Thursday): Temecula (9 - 11 AM) Location TBA
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**August Seminar: Fertilization Techniques, PGR’s, and Local Issues Updates
August 6th (Tuesday): San Luis Obispo (1-3 PM) Cooperative Extension Office/ Auditorium, 2156 Sierra Way, San Luis Obispo
August 7th (Wednesday): Ventura (9 - 11 AM) Cooperative Extension County Office/Conference Room, 669 County Square Drive, Ventura
August 8th (Thursday): Temecula (9 - 11 AM) Temecula Civic Center, 41000 Main Street, Temecula
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**PCA Hours are pending
Project 8
The California Avocado Society (CAS) has received a grant from the USDA to conduct a seminar series in Spanish on avocado production. The program is focused on providing training on the basics of growing avocados, including irrigation, fertilization, pruning, harvesting, pest management, GAP in avocados, tool maintenance, etc. To give this program an easy to use name, it is simply referred to as Project 8.
The series is aimed primarily at workers who provide services other than harvesting and can increase their productivity through improving their understanding of the avocado growing system. The seminars are open to anyone, however CAS especially wants to reach those who work for small growers and provide the majority of the cultural operations for the grove.
Each seminar will be given completely in Spanish by native Spanish speakers. The seminar will include an expert in the subject from the University or similar institution and a person who has extensive field experience in the subject to give a practical perspective on the topic and how it applies to the worker’s every day work environment.
All participants will receive a certificate of completion to show that they have attended that particular course in the series.
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