- Author: Ben Faber
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
The deadly thousand cankers disease, an emerging insect-fungus complex, is causing profound damage to black walnut trees not only in urban areas of California and other western states, but in Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Virginia, according to a newly published review by UC Davis-affiliated scientists and their colleagues.
The article, “Status and Impact of Walnut Twig Beetle in Urban Forest, Orchard and Native Forest Ecosystems,” published in the Journal of Forestry, updates the spread of the disease, and chronicles the role of the bark beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis, and the canker-producing fungus, Geosmithia morbida, in killing walnut trees, especially black walnuts.
Native to southwestern United States and northern Mexico, the bark beetle, about half the size of a grain of rice, “has invaded urban, orchard and native forest habitats throughout the United States, as well as Italy,” said lead author and forest entomologist Steven Seybold of the Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Davis, and a lecturer and researcher with the UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology.
Walnut twig beetles (WTB) tunnel into branches and trunks of walnut (Juglans) where they create galleries for mating and reproduction. They carry spores of the fungus into their galleries, and the resulting fungal infection causes formation of cankers, which coalesce and girdle branches and stems.
Between 2005 and 2016, the disease killed nearly 60 percent of the 210 specimens of southern California black walnut mature trees in the USDA Agricultural Research Service's National Clonal Germplasm Repository Juglans Collection near Winters, Seybold said. “This is only an estimate and the true proportion of the mortality is likely much higher, as only six of the 210 trees were rated as having healthy crowns in August 2016."
“The walnut twig beetle is a significant pest of very large trees because it sequentially attacks the small branches--though ironically not the twigs--all the way down the trunk to the soil line,” said Seybold, a pioneering scientist of the thousand cankers disease (TCD), who first found TCD evidence in Davis in 2008. “Most bark beetle species are not this thorough in using all of the phloem tissue in their plant hosts. In Davis right now, in the courtyard next to Sophia's Thai Restaurant, 129 E St, the tiny beetle is gradually killing the largest northern California black walnut tree in the city. It has taken nearly a decade, but the crown of the massive tree is nearly completed killed.”
Seybold estimated that the E Street tree is about 150 years old, "maybe older." It measures almost 65 inches or just over five feet.
“The walnut twig beetle is also significant because it is the consummate invasive species; it is small enough to travel under the bark of modest-sized pieces of barked wood and it can withstand relatively dry conditions that it might encounter during transit,” Seybold said. “We believe that it has moved from isolated Arizona black walnut trees along creeks and rivers in the desert Southwest to nearly the entire western USA wherever walnut trees of any species have been planted or grew naturally. It has also been transported to Europe and established significant populations in Italy.”
Seybold noted that the disease is “unique because of its multifaceted negative impact on walnut trees involved in landscaping, food production, and forestry. Walnut trees are valuable ecologically and for food and timber, so the walnut twig beetle is a good model in which to study the impact of a bark beetle on forest and agro-ecosystem services.”
The five co-authors of the synthesis articleincludeStacyHishinuma and Andrew Graves,twoUSDA forest entomologists with UC Davis connections.Hishinuma, who works in the Pacific Southwest Region,SanBernardino, and holds a doctorate in entomology from UC Davis, studiedintheSeybold and Mary Lou Flint labs, UC Davis Department ofEntomologyandNematology. Graves, who worksintheSouthwestern Region, Albuquerque, N.M., is a former postdoctoral fellow in the UC Davis Department of Plant Pathology.
Other co-authors are Professor William Klingeman III of the Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, and forest entomologist Tom Coleman with the USDA Forest Service's Southern Region, Asheville, N.C..
UC Davis doctoral student Jackson Audley of the Seybold lab, who is researching an ensemble of behavioral chemicals that repel the walnut twig beetle from landing on English walnut trees, contributed photos of dead and dying walnut trees in the Davis area. Audley conducts his research in a commercial orchard near Winters. UC Davis doctoral student Corwin Parker and Hishinuma also provided images of deteriorating walnut trees.
“WTB is one of a few invasive bark beetles in North America where expanding distribution and impact have been pronounced enough to affect other species, communities, and ecosystems to the extent that services provided by urban forests, agroecosystems, and wildland areas have been altered,” the co-authors concluded in their paper. “We envision that ecological impacts of WTB will continue to unfold across a wider geographic area to affect various types of key services, i.e., provisioning (e.g., timber and nontimber products); regulating (e.g., air and water quality/quantity, climate regulation); and cultural (e.g., recreation, aesthetics, shade) services.”
Scientists first collected the beetle in North America in 1896 in New Mexico, 1907 in Arizona, 1959 in California, and 1960 in Mexico, but never considered it a major pest of walnut trees until black walnuts began deteriorating and dying in New Mexico in the early 2000s. Walnut tree mortality that occurred in the early 1990s in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah and in the Willamette Valley of Oregon is now attributed to TCD.
“Currently, good cultural practices and sanitation of infested materials are the primary strategies for disease management within orchards and also for prevention of spread of the disease and vector to regions with low rates of infection,” according to the UC Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program (UC IPM)>
UC IPM recommends that trees with less than 50 percent live crown be removed to reduce the buildup of walnut twig beetles and inoculum in the trunk and larger scaffold branches. "Chemical control with either fungicides or insecticides is not recommended for management of thousand cankers disease," UC IPM says.
- Author: Akif Eskalen
FUSARIUM DIEBACK AND POLYPHAGOUS SHOT HOLE BORER ON AVOCADO
Akif Eskalen1, Richard Stouthamer2
1Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, UC Riverside
2Department of Entomology, UC Riverside
BACKROUND
Polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB), Euwallacea sp. (#1) (Fig.1) is an invasive beetle that carries three fungal symbionts in a special structure in their mouth called a mycangium. These symbiotic fungi are Fusarium euwallaceae, Graphium euwallaceae and Acremonium pembeum (Freeman et al. 2013, Lynch et al. 2015). The adult female tunnels galleries into a wide variety of host trees, where it lays its eggs and grows the fungi (Fig.2, 3). The fungi cause the Fusarium Dieback (FD) disease, which interrupts the transport of water and nutrients in over 38 tree species that are suitable for beetle reproduction. A separate invasion was recently detected in San Diego county and is now being called Kuroshio shot hole borer (KSHB) and is another closely related species to PSHB (Euwallacea sp. (#5)) carrying two new fungal species - Fusarium and Graphium. Both species have been found causing damage on avocado in the los Angeles basin and San Diego County.
BEETLE BIOLOGY
Adult females of PSHB and KSHB (Fig. 1) are black in color and 1.8-2.5 mm long. Adult males (Fig. 4 ) are brown and smaller than females at 1.5 mm long. More females are produced than males, which are flightless and very rarely leave the galleries. Mature siblings mate with each other so that females are already pregnant when they leave to start their own galleries. Males do not fly, but stay in the host tree.
SYMPTOM AND SIGNS
External Symptoms: Attack symptoms, a host tree's visible response to stress, vary among host species. Staining (Fig. 5), sugary exudate ( also called a sugar volcano) (Fig. 6-7), gumming (Fig.8), and/or frass (Fig. 9) may be noticeable before seeing the tiny beetles. Beneath or near these symptoms, you may also see the beetle's entry/exit holes, which are ~0.85 mm in diameter Fig 10). The abdomen of the female beetle can sometimes be seen sticking out of the hole. Advanced fungal infections will eventually lead to branch dieback, as seen on this Avocado (Fig. 11).
Internal Symptoms: Fungal species associated with the beetle PSHB and KSHB cause brown to black discoloration in infected wood. Discolored wood can easily be seen when bark is scraped away around the entry/exit hole (Fig 10). Cross-sections of cut branches (Fig. 12) show the extent of infection.
KNOWN REPRODUCTIVE HOSTS OF PSHB and KSHB
PSHB attacks hundreds of tree species, but it can only successfully lay its eggs and/or grow the fungi in certain hosts.
Known Suitable Reproductive Host Trees of PSHB:
- Avocado (Persea americana)
- Box elder (Acer negundo)
- California Sycamore (Platanus racemosa)
- Big leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum)
- Evergreen Maple (Acer paxii)
- Trident maple (Acer buergerianum)
- Japanese maple (Acer palmatum)
- Castor bean (Ricinus communis)
- Mexican sycamore (Platanus mexicana)
- Red Willow (Salix laevigata)
- Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin)
- English Oak (Quercus robur)
- Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia)
- London plane (Platanus x acerifolia)
- Cottonwood (Populus fremontii)
- Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa)
- White Alder (Alnus rhambifolia)
- Titoki (Alectryon excelsus)
- Engelmann Oak (Quercus engelmannii)
- Cork Oak (Quercus suber)
- Valley oak (Quercus lobata)
- Coral tree (Erythrina corallodendon)
- Blue palo verde (Cercidium floridum)
- Palo verde (Parkinsonia aculeata)
- Moreton Bay Chestnut (Castanospermum australe)
- Brea (Cercidium sonorae)
- Mesquite (Prosopis articulata)
- Weeping willow (Salix babylonica)
- Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta)
- Camelia (Camellia semiserrata)
- Acacia (Acacia spp.)
- Liquidambar (Liquidambar styraciflua)
- Red Flowering Gum (Eucalyptus ficifolia)
- Japanese wisteria (Wisteria floribunda)
- Goodding's black willow (Salix gooddingii)
- Tree of heaven (Alianthus altissima)
- Kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus)
- Black mission fig (Ficus carica)
Known Suitable Reproductive Host Trees of KSHB:
- Avocado (Persea americana)
- California Sycamore (Platanus racemosa)
- Big leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum)
- Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia)
- Cork oak (Quercus suber)
- Coral tree (Erythrina humeana)
COMMENTS OF THE PEST AND DISEASE COMPLEX
Fusarium dieback (FD) is a new, invasive, beetle-vectored disease that has caused damage on avocado and other host trees in urban forests and wild lands in the Los Angeles basin since early 2012, and Orange and San Diego County since early 2013. This pest/disease complex has also impacted the avocado growing regions of Israel since 2009. DNA analyses of polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) beetles indicate that those from San Diego County are different from those in Los Angeles.and these beetles are now being called Kuroshio shot hole borer (KSHB) and are genetically similar to a beetle population in Taiwan. The beetles from Israel and the Los Angeles basin are genetically similar to those from Vietnam (Stouthamer unpublished data). Other studies have shown that species of Euwallacea, as well as thefusariumfungi they cultivate, are genetically distinct, including those from the Los Angeles basin (which are identical to those in Israel) and San Diego (O'Donnell 2014). These results indicate that at least two introductions into California have occurred. Each beetle carries its own novel pathogenic fungal species of Fusarium and Graphium, while the beetle from Los Angeles additionally carries a species of Acremonium (Lynch et al. in press).
Rapid spread of the beetle/fungi throughout various land use areas is attributed to the diverse range and quantity of suitable hosts in Southern California (Eskalen et al., 2013). Establishment of the beetle is a source of concern for the avocado industry, of which 90% of the United States crop is produced in California (California Avocado Commission). Several commercial avocado groves in Los Angeles County have been infested since 2012. The second invasion in San Diego County was not detected in commercial avocado groves until October 2014, one year after the initial finding on sycamore in El Cajon. Since then, 20 commercial avocado groves in San Diego County have been confirmed infested.
MANAGEMENT
Currently there are no control measures to control this pest. Early detection of infestation helps reduce the population of the beetle by removing infested branches where beetle can reproduce their offspring.
-If the infestation is on the branch collar, cut into branch collar and spray pruning wounds with a registered product of Bacillus subtilus.
-Chip infested wood on-site to a size of one inch or smaller. If the branch is too large to chip, solarize them under a clear tarp for several months
-Sterilize tools to prevent the spread of the disease with either 25% household bleach, Lysol® cleaning solution, or 70% ethyl alcohol.
-Avoid movement of infested firewood and chipping material out of infested area.
-For more information visit http://eskalenlab.ucr.edu
The insect and the damage on avocado
- Author: Gary Bender
The polyphagous shothole borers (Euwallacea sp.) that spread fungal diseases (Fusarium sp. and possibly Graphium sp.) to susceptible trees in Los Angeles County have now been found in mid and northern Orange County and western San Bernardino County. Sick and dying trees are being cut down and shredded or chipped. A lot of different species of trees are affected, including avocado, box, elder, castor bean, coast live oak, Engelmann oak, sycamore, bigleaf maple, California bay laurel, white alder, olive, peach persimmon, goldenrain, mimosa, liquid amber and wisteria vine.
Why is this important to growers in San Diego, Riverside, Ventura and Santa Barbara counties? Because growers in San Diego County (and probably other coastal counties) are being offered free shipping by the waste disposal companies of wood chips and free spreading of the mulch in their groves. What a deal!! But wait a minute!
The problem lies in that the material I have seen is either not composted or poorly composted, because it heats up in the grove after delivery and starts steaming. This means that freshly shredded or chipped trees could very likely be spreading the borers right into their groves!
Growers should ask themselves “why are these trees in Los Angeles being cut down in the first place?” Trees are being pruned and cut down for a variety of reasons, but now that we have a new pest for which there is no control, we have to be very cautious about what we bring into our groves. Other problems that could be brought into groves include Phytophthora root rot and trunk cankers, oak root fungus, Dothierella cankers, and Asian citrus psyllid.
Growers should insist that only correctly composted mulch be brought into their groves. During the composting process the piles should be turned at least five times to allow the material on the outside of the pile to be turned into the middle for correct heating of the entire pile.
- Author: Akif Eskalen
This is an update on our recent findings on PSHB/Fusarium dieback. As of October 4, 2013, PSHB/Fusarium dieback was detected in Glendora in northern Los Angeles county and Laguna Niguel in southern Orange County. The infestation in Laguna Niguel Regional park appears to have arrived there within the last week. We inspected the South coast research station last week, and it was still negative. Please find attached recent distribution map.