- Author: JD Trebec
When I first bought my home in central Woodland six years ago, there wasn't much in the yard to interest dragons: a mature orange tree that produced amazingly delicious navel oranges in the winter, a human-planted valley oak on the street out front, and squirrel-planted valley oak too close to my neighbor's fence line that looks ready to wallop my workshop. The rest of my small yard was Bermuda grass that burped up a fluffy clouds of invasive oxalis in the early spring and then reverted back to tired looking grass when the summer heat arrived. Nothing of interest, really, for a dragon. They aren't that interested in acorns or sorrel salad, and thankfully, they don't care for amazingly delicious oranges either because, of course, dragons are carnivores.
I quickly (well maybe not so quickly, it took a couple years) dug up and lasagna'ed the lawn and set up some garden beds and patches of native plants. It was only a few years after that that I started to spot the dragons: a flame skimmer resting on a corn stalk, a blue-eyed darner lurking among the peach leaves. This left me somewhat confused because I did not believe that dragons would be interested in my land-locked urban lot.
I'm talking about dragonflies of course and there are no bodies of water anywhere near me. Everyone knows that dragonflies are aquatic insects, right? How did they end up here? I wondered if they had blown in from Cache Creek somehow or maybe hitched a ride over from the Yolo Bypass. They didn't seem to stay long. It wasn't until recently when I saw about a half dozen of what appeared to be four-spot pennants darting and swooping about ten feet overhead in the early evening that I began to put it all together.
Dragonfly larvae are aquatic, but the adults certainly aren't, and with a cruising speed of about 16 kilometers per hour (10 mph), why wouldn't they stretch their wings and see the world? Just like birds or, closer to the mark, butterflies, many species of dragonflies migrate. While the migratory routes of butterflies like the Monarchs are well known, dragonfly movements are still something of a mystery. However, one of note, the appropriately named globe skimmer dragonfly, has been tracked from India to East Africa and over to Middle Asia, a total distance of 14,000 km (8,700 miles). https://india.mongabay.com/2021/11/high-flying-dragons-how-the-globe-skimmer-migrates-across-the-indian-ocean/
Like the Monarch butterfly, dragonfly migrations may take several generations as the insect swarms (I find the collective name ‘flight' more appropriate for dragonflies) follow a shifting path of ancestral pools. Some dragonfly flights follow the same flyways as hawks, and groups like the Golden Gate Raptor Observatory have added the occasional bug count to their seasonal observations of birds of prey. https://www.parksconservancy.org/park-e-ventures-article/smaller-winged-creatures-flying-through-headlands
I can't say for sure that the changes to my yard have inadvertently resulted in a bit of dragon habitat, but likely there are some additional tasty bug snacks now that merit a dragon flyby. I am happy to host them so long as they stick to eating mosquitoes, gnats, and any pests that are eyeballing my garden, and leave the oranges to me.
A Dragon(fly)! Blue-eyed darner (photos by JD Trebec)
and a Damsel(fly)! Arroyo bluet
Note: Accuracy of amateur insect identification may be questionable beyond the Genus level!
Companion planting combines diverse plants in an informed manner to bring a balanced ecosystem into the garden. This approach to gardening has been used by organic gardeners for decades. The idea is to plant herbs and flowers with vegetables to create sustainable gardens with better crop yields.
The “three sisters,” corn, beans, and squash, are perhaps the best-known example of ideal plant companions. They support one another's growth, maximize the growing area's crop yield, and provide a solid diet for their cultivators.
Another well-known group of companions is that of legumes (like beans), with clover and alfalfa. Bacteria invade the root hairs of legumes and make nodules where these beneficial Rhizobium nitrogen-fixing bacteria live. The nitrogen these bacteria fix becomes available to the legume plant and the soil around its roots. Legumes can be worked into the soil, renewing and replacing nitrogen. This reduces the amount of manure and chemical fertilizers needed for heavy-feeding plants.
Companions can help prevent pest problems by repelling pests or attracting the beneficial insects needed to keep down the population of insect pests. Onions are one plant that repels some pests. Marigolds contain thiophene, which deters root nematodes. Chives planted alongside roses repel aphids. Nasturtiums act as a decoy crop for kale and tomatoes by attracting aphids away from the more desirable edibles (once the nasturtium plant has attracted aphids, it is removed from the garden before the aphid young develop wings). Aromatic herbs like basil, rosemary, lavender, and sage, will repel many pests. Mix these in with pest-susceptible plants. The presence of diverse plant species disrupts the ability of herbivorous insects to discover host plants for feeding or egg-laying. The time wasted on non-host plants reduces the reproductive efficiency of specialist insects.
Lists of specific companion plant combinations can be found on websites and in gardening books. Find the best friends for your garden plants, to create sustainable gardens with better yields. Remember to experiment, observe and record how these companions work in your own garden.
PLANT SALE! Mark your calendar for our plant sale on Saturday, May 18, 2024 from 9 am–noon. The sale will be held at the Master Gardeners Demonstration Garden at Patrick Ranch. The plants, which are selected to thrive in our climate, have been propagated by UC Master Gardeners of Butte County. For more information and a partial list of the plants that will available, visit our website.
- Author: Jeannette Warnert
The opposite is true, according to UC Cooperative Extension Integrated Pest Management advisor Eric Middleton. The vast number of insects and other arthropods are either beneficial or neutral, he said. Middleton suggests putting away the pesticides and giving bugs the benefit of the doubt, in most cases.
To be sure, there are bugs that cause a lot of damage. The most common garden enemies in California are aphids, thrips, mealybugs, scales, spider mites and caterpillars.
Pests' natural enemies can dramatically reduce pest populations, while they do no harm to plants. Fungi, bacteria and other microbes can cause diseases that kills pests, but the beneficials you are most likely to see are insects. They work by eating or parasitizing pests.
“Natural enemies provide at least $13 billion in pest control services in U.S. agriculture,” Middleton said. They also offer untold benefits to gardens, yards and natural areas in California.
Predators and parasitoids help keep pests in check
Parasitoids live in close association with the pest host and end up killing it, often from the inside out. The most common parasitoids are tiny wasps, but parasitoids also include beetles and flies. These beneficials can be hard to identify because they spend so much of their lives inside the host. The most telling signs are mummified bodies of pests - small, hollow, hardened bumps attached to leaves.
“Parasitoids are very important for pest control,” Middleton said. “They are almost always more impactful than predators.”
Beneficial predator insects eat pests for food. Some are specialists and will only consume one type of pest, other are less picky.
Common specialists include the mealybug destroyer, black beetles that resemble their prey; spider mite destroyer, black beetles that voraciously feed on spider mites; and vedalia beetle, introduced from Australia to combat cottony cushion scale on citrus.
Lacewings are delicate, green generalist predators. They eat almost any type of living prey. Eggs can be spotted at the end of small stalks perched on leaves. Lacewing larvae look like small alligators with large sickle-shaped jaws. Some lacewing larvae are called trash bugs. The insects, which cover themselves with plant debris for protection, look like moving piles of garbage.
Syrphid flies are also important predators. Their larvae, very tiny green worms, feed on aphids, psyllids and other soft body insects. The adults look like small bees.
Other predator insects include big eyed bugs, minute pirate bugs, praying mantis, predatory thrips, ground beetles and soldier beetles. In addition, spiders of many types feed on larger and flying insects.
How to promote natural enemies?
Many types of predators can be purchased at home stores and garden centers, such as ladybeetles, lacewings, mites and minute pirate bugs. However, UC research has shown that their success in garden settings is mixed.
“You may need to frequently buy and release in order to control pests,” Middleton said. “If pests are a consistent problem, it's often better to improve conditions for natural enemies in your yard or garden.”
To make your garden or yard welcoming to natural enemies, reduce pesticide use. Most pesticides will also knock down natural enemies, even the organic options. If a treatment is necessary, use soaps, microbials, botanicals or oils.
Reduce mowing, tilling and removing debris.
“Stability is better for most natural enemies,” Middleton said. “Mowing and raking reduce habitat. Tilling can kill soil predators and predator larvae. Let your space be a little wild, the more wild, usually the better for natural enemies.”
Biodiversity also boosts natural enemy numbers. Flowers in particular are very important.
“Have a mixture of perennials and annuals, a range of 10 or 15 different species,” Middleton said. “It's good to have native flowers in the mix. They're better adapted to your area.”
For more information about beneficial insects, see the natural enemies gallery on the UC IPM website: https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/
Download a natural enemies poster from UC IPM here: https://ipm.ucanr.edu/IPMPROJECT/ADS/poster_naturalenemies.html
This Saturday, April 15th, is the annual UC Davis Picnic Day event!
Stop by the UC Statewide IPM Program's booth from 9am to 3pm in the entomology building, Briggs Hall.
We'll have ladybugs (lady beetles) for you to take home, fun insect temporary tattoos for all ages, preserved insects on display, and a “good bug” scavenger hunt! You can also find information on various pests as we will showcase our publications, online tools, and resources.
Visit us with your pest-related questions and learn about all of the free UC IPM resources available to help you manage pests in the home, garden, or landscape!
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
It wouldn't make the news, even if it were a "Slow News Day."
"Lady in Red Climbs Neon-Pink Petals in Search of Aphids."
Lady beetles, aka ladybugs, are coming out of their winter hibernation now and they're hungry. Aphid-hungry.
We spotted this lady beetle Feb. 7 in a flower pot containing an iceplant, Carpobrotus edulis, native to South Africa. Iceplant is an invasive plant.
"Iceplant was introduced to California in the early 1900s as an erosion stabilization tool used on railroad tracks, and later used by Caltrans on roadsides," according to an article, "Invasive to Avoid--Iceplant," posted by the California Fish and Wildlife. "It has been used as an ornamental for many years, and is still sold in nurseries. Unfortunately, iceplant spreads easily, and has become invasive in coastal California from north of Humboldt County to as far south as Baja California. When it establishes in a location, it forms a large, thick mat that chokes out all other native plants and alters the soil composition of the environment. Because it is a coastal invader, it competes with many endangered, threatened, and rare plants." (See what Calflora.org says about it.)
California has about 200 species of lady beetles. Check out the lady beetles on the University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program (UC IPM) to see many of the species. They are voracious consumers of aphids and other soft-bodied insects.
Meanwhile, a news flash: "Lady in Red Climbs Neon-Pink Petals..."