The following is a description and evaluation of tip dieback in Arapaho blackberry in a field outside of Watsonville .

As the reader can see from the pictures below, the issue is a rather abrupt manifestation of wilt, followed by a blackening of the tip.  Cutting back the outer layer of the cane reveals (Photo 2 below) that the necrosis is advancing in the interior of the cane, but as with the tip blackening itself, seems to be restricted to the top 4 or 5 inches.

This problem of tip dieback was reported some weeks ago on a few tips of the Arapaho planting and none of the other varieties in the same field.  As of last week this dieback has advanced through most of the planting and most of the tips are now affected and again restricted only to Arapaho. 

There are no signs, for example oozing typical of bacteria or fruiting bodies or mycelium associated with a fungus, of disease.  Seeing that the tip dieback is similar to the blackening of young leaf tissue caused by insufficiency of calcium ( for example black heart in celery) we tested with a two replicate sample the nutritional status of cane tips just starting to wilt and compared them to others still apparently healthy.  The output of this evaluation is below.  Also please note that substantial portions of cane were included in the sample, which would be expected to have different - probably lower - levels of minerals than the normally tested leaf tissue. 

Table 1: Comparison of Mineral Concentrations of Healthy and Tip Burned Tissue on Arapahoe Blackberry.

Concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, sulfur, copper and zinc are higher in the healthy tips, while concentrations of manganese, calcium, sodium and chloride are higher in the wilted tips.  While the levels of chloride are nearly double in the cane which has died back, these levels of chloride are still not consistent with what we know to be damaging to plant tissue, usually ranging about 3000 or 4000 parts per million.

Considering that if the problem is not a disease, nor nutritional, what is it then?  The answer comes to us from people with experience with the variety and the problem.  We go to John Clark from the University of Arkansas, who has noted previously this very tip dieback on Arapaho blackberry in cooler climates (for which the summer Central Coast obviously qualifies) to the extent that he cautions growers in cooler regions about planting it. 

In conclusion we can be fairly certain that the tip burning we are currently observing here in Arapaho blackberry is physiological and caused by an interaction of the variety and our climate.

The 2012 Monterey Bay Academy Field Day is planned for this coming August 16 with registration starting at 8:30 am.  Agenda items are are a general discussion of growing strawberries in substrate, fruit and foliar pathogens, lygus bug management, anaerobic soil disinfestation, use of steam and mustard meal as soil sterilants and the use of Zeus herbicide.

Please refer to the agenda attached below for further information:

http://cesantacruz.ucdavis.edu/files/147807.pdf

Situation: The complaint we were invited to evaluate in this field was less typical than what one often finds with yellow plants in Salinas or Watsonville. These patches of yellow plants were typically dispersed in patches of various sizes in the field (photo 1 below), but on one side of the field this was particularly pronounced.  This area corresponded with a farm road from a previous artichoke plantation as well as being the end of the drip tapes installed by the strawberry grower.

The bed tops tended to be dry and moisture has been adequate but not excessive, so my running thesis of excess water actually did not fit so well in this situation. 

I had the good fortune on this particular call of being accompanied by Frank Shields from Soil Control Lab, who did a thorough evaluation of a bed and plant tissue (photo 2 below) and arrived at the results as depicted in photos 3 and 4 below.

Evaluation: As readers can assess from the attached analyses, this sampling was extraordinarily detailed.  The soil analysis breaks down the bed into ten zones and evaluates no less than 14 parameters of each zone.  Furthermore, in zone 7, Frank took a general sample of the soil texture and shrinkage, which gives an assessment of at what moisture percentage cracks form in the soil.

As a standard operating procedure, Frank sampled one bed containing symptomatic plants according to a pattern of ten different areas, the cross section of which can be seen in the soil report attached below.  Additionally, Frank uprooted several plants for evaluation of the roots and tissue mineral contents in the foliage.

This soil test strives to accomplish a number of things.  First, it is designed to monitor the movement and location of accumulated soluble salts for the purpose of determining the water pattern from the irrigation system. Similarly, since during the season strawberry fertilizer is supplemented via the water it is useful to know where the nutrients are ending in the bed to confirm that they are getting to the plant and not being leached out of range or being affected by adverse pH or salt conditions.

Plant available nutrients are both water soluble and exchangeable. This analysis is designed to monitor the water soluble fraction for the water soluble plant nutrients nitrate, nitrite, chloride, and sulfate as well as cations which accumulate with the water soluble fraction like calcium, potassium, sodium and ammonia. 

Interpretation of Results:

Moisture: All zones were very wet indicating recent irrigation of sufficient volume to completely fill the bed and should leach salts and nutrients down and out of the bed.   Additionally, there were no shrinkage cracks visible when observing the fifty foot section of row again indicating that the soil had been kept sufficiently moist.

The pH is on the high side and evenly distributed between 7.8 and 8.4 though all zones.  However, this pH is not unusually high and normally would not be said to be problematic for strawberries.

Soil potassium is this sample low.   It is typical for soils in Salinas and the Pajaro Valley to have potassium concentrations above 150 ppm, but with the exception of zone 10 of the bed this particular sample ranges around 50 ppm or below.  This is reflected in the leaf potassium concentration of 0.9% when a range of 1.3 – 1.8% is ideal for this time of year.

Soil nitrate appears to be substantially leached out, and indeed the percentage in the leaves of the sampled yellow plants is 2.0%, which is somewhat less than the optimum of 2.4- 3.0 % for this time of year.   Still, 2.0 % dry weight tissue nitrogen would not explain the substantial yellowing we observe in the field.

Phosphorous, calcium, magnesium and the other micronutrients appear to be sufficient according to the attached tissue analysis.

Nitrites, which are oxidized to plant available nitrate in the process of nitrification but toxic to plants in quantity are absent from the sample.  This is quite probably because of the well aerated soil and lack of packing. 

EC5: This is a measure of the amount of water soluble components in a zone. Zone six has the highest in the root zones (1 – 8) but all within values to support plant growth. With proper watering, salts should accumulate in zone six, nine and ten. In this sample, salt accumulation is highest at zone ten typical of a pattern of a bed having full mulch and plenty of water.

We can also look at the ratio of water soluble cations to get an idea on the ratio of plant available constituents like the SAR value and soluble Ca/Mg ratio. The very high sodium and chloride compared to the low calcium and magnesium in this sample is significant and indicates a problem.   Indeed, sodium and chloride are excessively high in the plant tissue and very likely to be interfering with normal plant function.

Outside of the carbonates, the soil minerals are an accumulation both from the irrigation water and nutrients added to the soil. If most of the salts accumulated in the bed are naturally found in the irrigation water (as is the case here), it means that the nutrients are being leached out of the root zone with excess water and additional fertility could be considered.  

Conclusion:   Rather than being a problem of the deficiencies of nitrogen or potassium, Frank maintains that at issue here is a buildup in the affected areas of chloride and accumulated salts as a result of irrigation.  Carrying this thesis further, perhaps if the amount of current irrigation water could be limited in the areas experiencing yellow plants, one would also be reducing the amounts of apparently damaging sodium and chloride.  That might be one way to address the problem.

The scattershot pattern of yellow plants across the field is the major confounding point of the problem being evaluated here.  On the one hand it would indicate that the toxicities and deficiencies described above are occurring in the same scattershot pattern across the field but it does beg the question why the differences are so dramatic, sometimes even from one plant to the next.

So, while this evaluation has given us a good look at what is going on around these yellow plants, we still don't conclusively know what exactly is the cause of this problem.  It absolutely merits further work. 

Thank you to the grower who invited us out.  I thank Frank Shields of Soil Control Lab for the contribution of his time and expertise to working on this problem. 

Here is an interesting case regarding a slight purpling of the newer leaves of raspberry.  While the case below involves ‘Polka’ variety red raspberry, I’ve seen it this year on ‘Josephine’ red raspberry in a different field as well.

The question posed is whether this purpling is meaningful from a plant health standpoint.   Will this problem get worse and detract from yield and cause problems with next years crop?

For starters, there is are no disease symptoms, for example necrotic spots or goo seeping out out of the leaves or stems, nor are there any signs of disease, such as spores or conidial structures visible.

We should consider also possible side effects of insecticide or fungicide sprays.  I do recall once in a trial on the strawberry variety ‘Diamante’ that repeated applications of a strobilurin fungicide such as Pristine or Quadris resulted in a similar pattern of purpling on the leaves.  However in this case on ‘Polka’, the PCA in charge of this field confirmed with me that Pristine had been applied after the symptoms appeared, and this is only one application of the material.  There was only one other pesticide application previous to this one, and it was more than a month ago.

What about nutrient deficiency?  A simple application of what we know from nutrient deficiency books would inform us that the purpling we see here refers to some sort of phosphorous deficiency, but other nutrients can cause this too.  Furthermore, those having more than a passing knowledge of the agricultural soils in the Pajaro and Salinas valleys know they are rarely phosphorous deficient, and more often than not actually have an excess of this nutrient. 

Which brings us to nitrogen.  Nitrogen, while commonly associated with yellowing rather than purpling of leaves, leaches out of the soil easily and as such can be deficient even in the rich soils of the California central coast.   As we know, nitrogen deficiencies can be manifested in plants as a reddening or purpling of the leaves stemming from an accumulation of the same carbohydrates resulting from phosphorous deficiency.

The only way we are going to know if the above has any truth to it at all however is to take some leaf samples.  The chart below is from a bulk sample consisting of at least twenty leaves, each taken from around the fifth leaf of the plant (note that this is a bit younger than the seventh leaf common for sampling, but the purpling was only found at this stage and younger). 

Samples were analyzed by the Soil Control Lab in Watsonville. 

The chart above shows us that for one there are no dramatic differences between in nutrient concentrations of green leaves compared to those which are purple.  On the other hand, concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium are trending just a tad low, with perhaps the nitrogen being the most significant especially since the sampled leaves were on the young side.