- Author: Mark Bolda
Introduction: With the discontinuation of methyl bromide as a possibility for pre-plant soil fumigation, we at UCCE have been very active in looking for viable alternatives. One alternative, identified by the test name TRX58, having a fairly high vapor pressure and already having certain uses in agriculture, was a good one to try.
Materials and Methods: Work was done in a field known to experience pressure from the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae . Application of the test material TRX58 (550 lb per acre) and the grower check of Triform 80 (34 gal per acre) was done on October 5, 2015, shanked in followed by tarping with totally impermeable film (TIF). So as to obtain adequate fumigation and coverage, both the materials were applied in blocks 22 feet wide and 200 feet long with each block replicated twice. Two strips of 11 feet wide were placed between the fumigated plots, designated as untreated checks and not treated.
Planting of the strawberry varieties Cabrillo, Albion, Sweet Ann, San Andreas and Monterey was done on Nov 17. Plots were maintained as any other on the farm with adequate fertility and irrigation. Pick stations of 20 plants per variety x 4 replicates and commencing in April fruit harvest in all plots was done once a week and fruit weighed.
Statistical analysis is as below, and broken up into two halves (April + May) and then also given as a total.
Discussion: Triform 80 is indisputably the better treatment, but it is also indisputable that TRX58 is better than doing nothing, which as one can see from the photos is not wise in this sort of situation. It is also notable that variety such as San Andreas which is known to be "resistant" (actually tolerant is the better word) to Fusarium still loses a little bit more than half of its yield in unfumigated soil. There is a strong case being made here for treatment of soil to maintain good strawberry yields.
A deep bow of gratitude to Miguel Ramos for letting me do this work in his field, to Mark Curtice from Lassen Canyon Nurseries who gave us the plants, and then to Trical who did the fumigation.
People should realize that without the efforts of all these people working together, we would be doing very little novel fumigation research right now.
- Author: Mark Bolda
I had a conversation quite recently with Doug Shaw, UC plant breeder, concerning the concept of chill in the day neutral varieties and the desire of some Central Coast growers to reduce the recommended amounts significantly, even all the way down to zero days of chill:
In the way of review, please recall that chill requirement in strawberry in California is made up of two essential parts. One part is what the plant accumulates in the field before being harvested, and the other is accumulation of chill after harvest and the plant is in storage. There is a big difference between the two and one does not supplant the other. In-field chill takes place when the plant is still in the soil, out in the open and still has all its leaves. Supplemental chill takes place after harvest of the plant and occurs in a constant near freezing temperature, in the dark and the plant has none to very few leaves left (Figure 1 below).
Accumulation of chill, especially supplemental chill, in the strawberry transplant makes it stronger and better able to survive the stress of plant harvest, transplant and the growing season beyond.
As some of the chill sensitivity has been bred out of the modern UC day neutral varieties such as Albion, Monterey and especially San Andreas, it is indeed possible to grow these varieties with less than the recommended amounts (10-18 days) of supplemental chill. However, those who choose to reduce chill below these amounts should recognize the amount of risk they are taking and that this is not an exercise for those still using training wheels. Should growing conditions take a turn for the worse, these underchilled plants do not have the vigor to help them pull through and will suffer more than those adequately chilled. Moreover, while UC day neutral strawberry plants chilled significantly less than the recommended 10-18 days can produce fruit earlier than others (probably owing to the earlier planting date), these plants quite likely will not perform optimally in terms of overall yield and quality along with showing a tendency to produce smaller fruit later on in the season.
The only case where one would want to go short on supplemental chilling time would be if the plant harvest was so late that a minimum chill time of 10 days would result in a planting date so late that it would compromise plant growth and establishment.
Other than that, it is still recommended to give the UC day neutral varieties 10-18 days of supplemental chill.
- Posted By: Mark Bolda
- Written by: Mark Bolda
There is a stream of thought currently in the Watsonville- Salinas strawberry production district of gaining advantage with earlier plant establishment this year by dramatically reducing the amount of supplemental chill, which is the cold storage of transplants following harvest, for the day neutral varieties ‘San Andreas’ and ‘Monterey’. This might stem from reports that a number of growers in Santa Maria did well in the 2010-2011 production season with a single day of supplemental chill, and furthermore it is standard for growers in Ventura County to plant ‘San Andreas’ with a single day of chill. For some then, it does not then seem like too much of a reach that this might be a good strategy for the Watsonville- Salinas production district.
This is worth reviewing because it flies in the face of standard recommendations for these two varieties planted in this area. There are several things going on here that perhaps contributed to the ability of some growers in Santa Maria to produce well last year with a single day of chill. First, on average last fall, transplants were harvested 10-14 days later than normal and this spring was cooler than usual, meaning a bit lengthier cold conditioning in the nursery field and less plant stress early in the season. Second, ‘San Andreas’ does seem to be a variety which is affected less by supplemental chill than other varieties, that is to say that it might not need quite as much.
Still, the UC recommendations do not change. UC Davis plant breeder Doug Shaw, who brought all of these varieties into the world and therefore has an abundance of knowledge regarding them, is not changing his recommendations. He maintains that one would want to choose transplant harvest about October 18-20 and plant early November, with two weeks supplemental chill. In all cases, plants should be chilled a bare minimum of eight to ten days.
Never forget that supplemental chill gives the plant vigor to forgive the tough conditions of transplanting. Planting day neutral varieties in the Watsonville Salinas district with one day of chill to gain advantage of earlier plant establishment is very much like picking up pennies in front of a steamroller. For a possible small incremental gain, one is risking total disaster. One day of supplemental chill is NOT recommended for University of California day neutral varieties grown on the Central Coast.
