Informal and formal caregivers are underpaid and undertrained, and stress puts them at considerable risk of ill health.

In a survey and forum, elders preferred the personal approach to learning how diet and activity can improve the management of their diseases.

Episodic is the only type of long-term memory that declines with age; other types improve or show no change.

There is a pressing need to understand age-related changes in the processes underlying the ability to read, understand and use health information.

Older adults can learn to be more resilient to stress, which may have long-term positive effects on their aging process.

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Since the Citrus Experiment Station began in 1907, a major concern has been development of more efficient fertilizer practices. Early experiments by CES scientists, primarily in the orchards of cooperating growers, showed that on most, but no...

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When Howard B. Frost began citrus breeding at the University of California Citrus Experiment Station in 1914, knowledge of crossing relationships in the genus was limited to earlier studies in Florida by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Fr...

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From the start of the California citrus industry in the 1860s, the pioneer citrus growers of southern California, many of them retired business or professional men from New England or the central states, showed an eagerness to explore every i...

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University research on insects and mites on citrus began in southern California in 1906 with the appointment of H. J. Quayle to the U.C. Plant Disease Laboratory at Whittier. In 1916 he correctly attributed resistance of black scale and Calif...

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Several times in the past 75 years, California's citrus industry faced catastrophic losses from fruit and tree diseases. In every case, timely research greatly reduced the damage.

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Yeast is one of the major industrial microorganisms, used in the brewing, baking, and wine industries. Most improvements in wine making have resulted from better grape varieties (such as Ruby Cabernet developed at University of California, Da...

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In a redwood breeding program, time is a problem. Between germination (or planting) and harvest as a renewable source of wood, a redwood must survive and grow in a minimally managed environment for three to eight decades. Trees in park and am...

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Genetic engineering and cell and tissue culture have already begun to influence the breeding and vegetative propagation of superior rootstocks and woody perennial trees for efficient forestry systems and urban plantings. In our laboratory, ha...

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Isolation of mutants tolerant or resistant to herbicides may become a valuable application of cell culture techniques. Every herbicide is restricted in use by the number of crops it damages or kills. Tolerant mutants of various plant species ...

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Production of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen by the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis offers opportunities for genetic improvement of both Rhizobium bacteria and host legume. Root nodules formed by rhizobia are the organs responsibl...

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The most widely used plant disease control method has been the incorporation of single, usually dominant, genes for disease resistance into cultivated plants. In some cases, disease control also has been accomplished by withdrawal from plants...

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Salinity and its potential influence on plant productivity can be managed either by physically manipulating the environment in which the plant grows or by biologically manipulating the plant to reduce the harmful effects of excess salt. The c...

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Isozymes are multiple molecular forms of an enzyme derived from a tissue of an organism. They are usually separated when an electric charge causes their migration through a gel, and they are visualized when the gel is placed in a solution of ...

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Hybridization between cultivated species and related wild species has been of great value for cultivar improvement. Genes that enhance the survival of the wild species by providing disease or insect resistance, salt tolerance, cold tolerance,...

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Conventional plant breeding has steadily improved food production efficiency, but in the process, crops have been selected for genetic uniformity and adaptation to relatively optimal environments. Environmental stresses at particularly vulner...

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Polyploidy is important in strawberries, because only in the end products found in nature (octoploids Fragaria chiloensis and F virginiana) were the necessary genes found, organized, and conserved in such a way as to make possib...

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Success in hybridizing wild with cultivated species ultimately depends on the ability of the alien chromosomes to pair and recombine with the chromosomes of the crop species at meiosis. In bread wheat, pairing and thus recombination normally ...

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Some crop plants have simple inherited characters that would be desirable if transferred to another crop. Our current work on transfer of resistance to the barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) from barley to wheat is an example of a simple modifi...

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Realizing the full potential of plant somatic cell genetic techniques will depend on development of methods for isolating a wide variety of cultured cell strains with characteristics different from those of cells in the original cultures. To ...

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Successful application of in vitro cell and tissue culture technology to crop improvement hinges on the ability to regenerate plants of known genetic constitution. For example, when using cell or tissue culture as a means of cloning, o...

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Reporting his pioneering experiments on plant cell culture to the German Academy of Science in 1902, G. Haberlandt predicted that someday “in this way one could successfully cultivate embryos from vegetative cells.” Had IAA and ki...

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Plant cells without walls (protoplasts) can be isolated from leaves by a process of enzy-matically digesting away the middle lamellae between cells and the cell walls. Tremendously large numbers of protoplasts can be isolated from a single le...

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A remarkably simple genetic system for study of DNA multiplication and gene expression in plants is provided by DNA plant viruses. These viruses have only a half-dozen or so genes that are believed to be regulated in the same way as other pla...

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Crown gall, a bacterial disease of dicots and gymnosperms, is characterized by tu-morous overgrowths on infected plants. Because the disease involves gene transfer from a bacterium to a plant cell and subsequent expression of new characterist...

The Ti plasmid/Einset; DNA plant viruses/Shepherd, Daubert, Gardner

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Interest in the developmental and molecular biology of the proteins that accumulate as reserves in seeds has become keen in recent years. Although most plant cells contain large numbers of different proteins, each present only in small quanti...

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The most abundant proteins in the leaves of higher plants perform specialized functions in photosynthesis. Many of these proteins are located within the chloroplast. Some are encoded by the chloroplast genome, and some by the nuclear genome. ...

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A higher plant has between one and ten million genes, each of which holds information that specifies the structure of a product RNA and, often, a protein. In addition, each has nucleotide sequences involved in recognizing on-off signals. Usin...

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All crops need nitrogen for growth. Nitrogen fixation—the enzymatic conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas into a form available to the plant—is a trait that only some bacteria have evolved.

Where foliar sprays are impractical, the growth regulator chlorflurenol applied by trunk banding can lengthen the pruning cycle.

Studies so far indicate that whiteflies transmit at least three widespread diseases of desert crops.

Several parasites are being evaluated for possible use in conjunction with compatible insecticides.

Measuring the plant's water status instead of soil moisture makes it possible to irrigate according to needs at each growth stage.

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Since its beginning, the University of California has been actively involved, directly or indirectly, in traditional plant breeding programs, including germplasm collection and evaluation, development of genetic stocks for use in plant breed...

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In one sense, genetic engineering of plants is really nothing new. Since the beginnings of agriculture, when crop species were first domesticated, people have modified plants to suit their needs. In saving seed from only their best plants, an...

Success in mass-rearing and releasing genetically improved predators in almond orchards brings full-scale implementation nearer.

The three standard and two new oat varieties tested all produced high-quality hay. Each had particular advantages.

Stress caused by spider mite feeding reduced strawberry yields, especially when mites built up rapidly and early in the season.

Like the oriental fruit moth model, this technique for timing sprays against San Jose scale needs perfecting but is useful now.

Using traps to monitor OFM in orchards and a model to predict temperature- influenced development will improve timing of controls.

While growers may obtain short-run gains by restricting exports, these may later be offset by a loss in market share.

A survey conducted on Central Coast rangeland revealed that 6 years of drought is one more factor contributing to the death of native oaks.

Mowing and burning become increasingly important methods of dodder control as the alfalfa season progresses.

The authors have developed guidelines for improving neutron moisture meter measurements.

Research revealed natural enemies of Russian wheat aphid; their impact can be augmented by imported species.

New recommendations call for accurate monitoring of leafhopper densities and careful delivery of lacewing eggs.

San Joaquin Valley growers are shifting to fresh market production of Granny Smith, Fuji, Gala and other new varieties.

Almond producers here and abroad respond to similar factors; if California prices go up, so will world production.

The predatory green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea, is often abundant in mid- and late-season cotton fields in the San Joaquin Valley. However, neither these natural populations nor insectary-reared and mass-released lace-wings appear to suppress populations of the cotton aphid. The key reas...

Results suggest growers can control peach twig borer using the insect pathogen Bt early in the season.

Consumer preferences for fruit sweeteners over table sugar have strengthened an already growing concentrate market.

Simply removing mummy nuts from trees does not destroy overwintering larvae and pupae or prevent insect emergence.

Orchardgrass reduced vine growth, but did not increase vine yield; it lowered some insect and nematode populations.