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Are You Implementing AVMA's New Euthanasia Guidelines?

Adapted by Michael Karle, DVM- Mid-Valley Veterinary Hospital and Synergy Cattle Group, Inc. and Betsy Karle- UCCE Glenn and Tehama Counties

Earlier this year, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) updated guidelines for the euthanasia of animals. While the familiar “not between the eyes” rule is still applicable, AVMA suggests that the bullet or captive bolt entry point should be a bit higher than previously suggested in order to ensure enough brain destruction for immediate death. This site can be found by drawing two imaginary lines from the outside corner of the eye to the opposite horn (or horn position). The bullet or captive bolt should enter at the intersection of the two lines. 

Euthanasia

Anatomical site for gunshot or captive bolt entry in calves (Figure 1) and adult cattle (Figure 2). Note that the new guidelines (solid line) place the entry point slightly higher than previous guidelines (dashed line). Artwork courtesy Erin Martin.

Also consider what tools you are using on your dairy for euthanasia. If a handgun is being used, .32 to .45 are acceptable calibers. A .22 caliber pistol does not create enough muzzle energy to consistently penetrate the skull in an adult animal, regardless of the bullet used. Rifles generate much more muzzle energy, so .22 to .308 are appropriate calibers. However, if a .22 caliber rifle is the gun of choice, solid point bullets at close range (1-3 feet) should be used in addition to ensuring the bullet enters the skull at the proper anatomical position. Twelve, 16 or 20 gauge shotguns with number 6 or larger birdshot or slugs may be used. Be sure to carefully consider gun power when euthanizing bulls or large cows- higher power is likely necessary. No firearm should ever be held directly against the animal’s head for operator safety. Be sure to watch out for what is beyond the animal to ensure that exit bullets do not create unintentional damage. A penetrating captive bolt may also be used, but must be followed by exsanguination or IV injection of KCl. Manual, blunt force is never an acceptable euthanasia method, even in calves, because the skull is too thick to achieve immediate destruction of brain tissue.

While you’re revisiting your euthanasia method, take the time to update your protocols with your veterinarian. They should include who is responsible for making the decision to euthanize and carry out the action, the appropriate euthanasia method, and contact information for veterinary and rendering services. An easy to use template can be found at http://cdrf.org/home/checkoff-investments/cdqap/animal-care-the-cdqap/animal-care-farm-resource-binder/ under “Tab 10.4.”

As always, safety is of paramount concern. Proper training and handling of euthanasia devices must be well enforced.  

http://vetmed.iastate.edu/humaneeuthanasia/en/euthanasia-downloads

Link to PDF Version: Are you Implementing AVMA's New Euthanasia Guidelines