Annotated Bibliography

References and Resources

1. Bossard, C. C., J. M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive plants of California's wildlands. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520225473

This book provides a comprehensive background on the establishment and spread of Eucalyptus globulus in California.

2. Boyd, D. (1997) Eucalyptus Removal on Angel Island. California Exotic Pest Plant Council. California State Parks. http://www.cal-ipc.org/symposia/archive/pdf/1997_symposium_proceedings1936.pdf

This article describes the case of Eucalyptus removal on Angel Island. Issues pertaining to public reaction, methods of removal, and management challenges following the removal of the stands are addressed.

3. California Invasive Plant Council (Cal-IPC) (2014) Assessment of Eucalyptus Globulus. http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/inventory/pdf/Eucalyptus_globulus_PAF_review_draft.pdf

This Review Draft on the Eucalyptus globulus assessment (2014) provides a good background describing various environmental changes caused by eucalyptus stands. These include changes in the fire regime, light availability, erosion and sedimentation, nutrient dynamics, hydrologic changes, and allelopatric effects.

4. Crawford, R. (2008) Eucalyptus trees have deep roots in California's history. U-T San Diego. http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20080831/news_lz1mc31wewere.html

This web article describes the history of Eucalyptus in California, highlighting changes in public perception towards eucalyptus species since early planting in 1853, to present day.  

5. Dickinson, K. J. M., and J. B. Kirkpatrick. 1985. The flammability and energy content of some important plant species and fuel components in the forests of southeastern Tasmania. Journal of Biogeography 12:121-134. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/2698/

This article discusses the flammability of different species of eucalyptus trees.

6. Farmer, J. (2014) Eucalyptus, the good, the bad and the beautiful. The San Francisco Chronicle. https://www.pressreader.com/usa/san-francisco-chronicle/20140112/284949607840684

This article discusses the controversy tied to eucalyptus in California. On one hand, the article highlights that this species is recognized for its multiple valuable attributes, such as ornamental characteristics, windbreak functions, habitat for monarch butterfly species, among other things. On the other hand, the article also addresses some of the concerns tied to the widespread of eucalyptus throughout the state.

7. Ghnaya, A., Hamrouni, L., Amri, I., Ahoues, H., Hanana, M., & Romane, A. (2016). Study of allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus erythrocorys L. crude extracts against germination and seedling growth of weeds and wheat. Natural Product Research, 30(18), 2058–2064. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1108973

This study describes the allelopathic effects of eucalyptus. Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon through which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence growth, survival and reproduction of other organisms. The study explores the impacts on the survival, growth, and reproduction of different weed species and cultivated crops that have been exposed to the allelochemicals released by eucalyptus trees.

8. McBride. J.R. (2014) The History, Ecology and Future of Eucalyptus Plantations in the Bay Area: a lecture at the Commonwealth Club of San Francisco Understanding Eucalyptus in the Bay Area. San Francisco Forest Alliance. https://sfforest.org/2014/07/10/understanding-eucalyptus-in-the-bay-area-dr-joe-r-mcbride/

This resource is a recorded video and powerpoint presentation given by Dr. Joe McBride describing the history, ecology and future of eucalyptus in California. It provides useful knowledge on the establishment of eucalyptus throughout the state.

9. Nance, A. (2014). The Plight of the Eucalyptus Trees in San Francisco: A Case Study on the Values and Considerations Involved in a Decision that Requires Comparative Valuation of Species. Hastings W.-Nw. J. Envt’l L. & Pol’y, 20, 429. http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/haswnw20&div=17&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals

This resource provides valuable background on the history of eucalyptus in California, discussing the distinction between native and non-native vegetation. It also highlights some of the contradicting opinions tied to the spread of eucalyptus throughout the landscape. This article also has useful information analyzing the reasons behind some of the eucalyptus removal efforts in the Bay Area.

10. Nash, M. (2013) Eucalyptus: Beauty or Beast? High country News. http://www.hcn.org/issues/45.22/eucalyptus-trees-are-pushing-out-california-natives-but-for-some-theyre-a-natural?b_start:int=2#body

This article addresses some of the controversy tied to the widespread of eucalyptus species in California.

11. Rockwood, D. L., Rudie, A. W., Ralph, S. A., Zhu, J. Y., & Winandy, J. E. (2008). Energy Product Options for Eucalyptus Species Grown as Short Rotation Woody Crops. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 9(8), 1361–1378. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms9081361

This article describes the potential of eucalyptus to be used as an energy products, emphasizing their potential role to be planted as short rotation woody crops. The wood and fiber properties of eucalyptus tree species are discussed, as well as their potential for biofuel production.

12. Ritter, M. (2014) Field Guide to the Cultivated Eucalypts (Myrtaceae) and How to Identify Them. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 99(4):642-687. http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.3417/2012039

This field guide to eucalyptus identification is useful in providing the basic background and knowledge tied to the identification of different eucalyptus species. It illustrates examples of various eucalyptus species and highlights their distinctive characteristics. The paper also has useful illustrations and provides identification keys that are based entirely on morphological features to commonly and widely cultivated eucalypts.

13. Stock, S., Thorngate, N., Griffiths, J.L.(2004) Monarch butterfly use of eucalyptus and native trees during Monarch butterfly use of eucalyptus and native trees during winter months in central coastal California. http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/uploads/files/1108143663StockPoster.pdf

This poster provides a brief background and overview of the use of eucalyptus trees as essential habitat for monarch butterflies. Special focus is given to California. 

14. Wolf, K.M., DiTomasso, J. (2016) Management of blue gum eucalyptus in California requires region-specific consideration. California Agriculture 70 (1): 39-47. http://calag.ucanr.edu/Archive/?article=ca.v070n01p39

This article provides a comprehensive and useful overview of the management of blue gum eucalyptus in California. It discusses reproductive traits and dispersal, and biotic (changes to plant community dynamics) and abiotic (fire regime changes and fire hazards) impacts associated with the spread of eucalyptus across the landscape. Issues tied to the spread of blue gum and its removal are also addressed. This article also explores future research needs and management implications tied to the widespread of eucalyptus throughout the state.