- Author: Ria DeBiase, UC Giannini Foundation
How policies affect emissions, land use, and the prices of fuel and vegetable oils
Over the last two decades, both the federal government and state governments have enacted policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transportation sector. In a new Special Issue of ARE Update, University of California agricultural economists explore how these federal and state renewable fuel policies have affected biofuel production for motor and aviation fuels and consider how these policies have affected land use and food prices. Their research shows that as U.S. demand for renewable diesel began to outpace supply, consumer prices for vegetable oil—which is used as a feedstock for renewable diesel—surged.
The national Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) and California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), implemented in 2006 and 2011, respectively, have led to an increase in the amount of biofuels consumed and produced in the United States. While the RFS mandates that a minimum volume of renewable fuels be blended into U.S. transportation fuels, the LCFS sets an annually increasing targeted reduction in transportation-related carbon emissions. The LCFS set a 2030 target date to reduce GHG emissions by 20% through the development of a carbon trading program that requires refiners who produce ‘dirtier' fuels to buy credits from those who produce cleaner (e.g., renewable) fuels.
The authors show that after 2020, when LCFS credit prices (i.e., biofuel subsidies) were high, California saw an increasing volume of motor fuel coming from renewable diesel — which previously only made up around 5% of the state's diesel blend. Currently, the retail diesel blend in California is 35% conventional diesel and 65% renewable diesel. By 2023, renewable diesel — which, unlike biodiesel, is a perfect substitute for conventional diesel — was the most consumed renewable fuel in California and also generated the most credits under the LCFS.
The agricultural inputs used to make renewable diesel can be used not only in the production of motor oil, but also in the development of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Additional tax credits set forth in the 2021 Inflation Reduction Act aim to bring about a 100-fold increase in the production of these fuels by by the end of decade. However, the authors of the second article show that current incentives to produce SAFs are not large enough to overcome the opportunity cost of instead using these fuels for on-road use.
After the drastic increase in demand for renewable diesel (up 500% over the last five years), a higher percentage now comes from edible vegetable oils. This increased demand almost certainly plays a role in increasing inflationary pressure on foods such as cooking oils.
“From 2018 to 2024, food-at-home inflation was 24%, but over the same period, fats and oils inflation was 83%,” said UC Davis professor and co-author Jens Hilscher.
The increased demand for these oils from the United States has also led to booms in production in countries such as Brazil and Indonesia, and some of the land conversion into these vegetable oil crops could result in deforestation. Greenhouse gas emissions are a global challenge. The authors show that local biofuel mandates often succeed in moving U.S. consumption of these fuels from one product or region to another without necessarily decreasing emissions at the national level. Their research emphasizes the importance of a coordinated effort to target emission reductions with a careful eye to the indirect consequences that inevitably result from ambitious policies.
To learn more about how federal and statewide renewable fuel policies have affected the demand for biofuels, read the full Special Issue of ARE Update 27(5), UC Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics, online at https://giannini.ucop.edu/filer/file/1719507310/21010/.
ARE Update is a bimonthly magazine published by the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics to educate policymakers and agribusiness professionals about new research or analysis of important topics in agricultural and resource economics. Articles are written by Giannini Foundation members, including University of California faculty and Cooperative Extension specialists in agricultural and resource economics, and university graduate students. Learn more about the Giannini Foundation and its publications at https://giannini.ucop.edu.
/h3>- Author: DIANA CERVANTES
Este año, la División de Agricultura y Recursos Naturales de la Universidad de California (UC ANR), fue honrada con un reconocimiento especial. Ricardo Vela, gerente de Noticias y Alcance Informativo en español (NOS) de UC ANR, recibió el prestigioso premio "ACE Rising Star", otorgado por la asociación en reconocimiento a su destacada contribución en el campo de la comunicación.
Para Vela, la comunicación es fundamental. El video, la palabra escrita, la radio y ahora las redes sociales le permiten cumplir su objetivo de llevar información veraz, oportuna y constante a las comunidades desfavorecidas a las que sirve UC ANR.
“Este no solo es un reconocimiento a mí en particular, es el reconocimiento a la labor que hacemos como comunicadores en UC ANR”, dijo Vela, quien además estuvo a cargo de impartir dos conferencias: la primera sobre cómo grabar y editar con teléfono inteligente y la segunda sobre formas y medios de informar a la comunidad latina.
Entre los comunicadores que recibieron un reconocimiento por su trabajo están Doralicia Garay, Saoimanu Sope, Michael Hsu y Ethan Ireland, comunicadores digitales de UC ANR.
La conferencia no solo brindó un espacio para el intercambio de ideas y conocimientos entre comunicadores, sino que también reafirmó la importancia de la labor informativa y educativa que llevan a cabo las instituciones académicas. El reconocimiento a Ricardo Vela y a otros comunicadores subraya la influencia positiva que pueden tener en las comunidades a través de su compromiso y dedicación, sirviendo como inspiración para todos aquellos dedicados a la difusión del conocimiento y la información.
Con eventos como la Conferencia ACE, se fortalece la red de comunicadores dedicados a mejorar la sociedad a través de su trabajo, reafirmando el valor de la excelencia en la comunicación.
- Author: Kendra T Rose
Dear Colleagues,
1) USDA NIFA is soliciting proposals for the Mentoring at Risk and Rural Youth Program (MARRY). Mentoring promotes positive behaviors, attitudes, and outcomes for youth and reduces risk factors associated with delinquency and juvenile justice system involvement, such as poor school attendance, school failure, and alcohol and drug abuse. The MARRY program supports the expansion of high-quality mentoring services for targeted youth across the country to help close this gap.
All projects funded under MARRY must support opportunities for targeted youth to have meaningful positive youth development opportunities through established mentoring programs and/or expansion of target audience for existing mentoring programs as part of the 4-H program. Projects must indicate how their 4-H program opens opportunities for at least one of the following 1) juvenile justice-involved youth, 2) youth at-risk of juvenile justice involvement or 3) rural youth so that they have access to the same programs and opportunities as other 4-H youth.
Visit the program web page at https://www.nifa.usda.gov/grants/funding-opportunities/mentoring-risk-rural-youth#:~:text=The%20mission%20of%20the%20MARRY,services%20through%204%2DH%20programming for more information.
Applications Due: August 5, 2024 at 2PM
Grant Amount: $308,333 for implementation of mentoring project (plus $50,000 to one grantee to implement the MARRY Project Director meeting)
Eligibility: Project Directors and Co-Project Directors can only participate on one application.
2) The California Blueberry Commission is seeking research proposals that benefit California blueberry growers and processors by increasing the efficiency of blueberry production and processing practices in California.
California Blueberry Commission Research Priorities for 2024-2025
- Mechanical Harvesting for fresh blueberries
- Packing house automation techniques
- Mechanical pruning
- Management of Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD)
- GPS Blueberry Acreage Mapping
- Irradiation of Blueberries
- Low-cost UAV Based System for Bird Control
- Frost detection/prevention technology
- Postharvest treatments/alternatives to methyl bromide fumigation
- Increase shelf life/quality preservation
- Alternate packaging options instead of single use plastic in response to CA state laws
- Any other topic related to cost reduction/increasing the effectiveness of California blueberry production.
Please see the RFA for specific details: https://ucanr.edu/sites/anrstaff/files/399408.pdf
Applications Due: September 6, 2024
Thank you.
ANR Office of Contracts & Grants (OCG)
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
"I have decided I do not want to be the queen bee because she never ever gets to smell the flowers!" the Petaluma resident said. "I would much rather be a worker bee! The queen bee has a short life which I have already avoided, of course, and plan on many more years in the garden."
Ettamarie, in her eighth decade, is a retired teacher who taught school for 37 years, has kept bees for 30 years, and has volunteered as the leader of a 4-H beekeeping project for the past 25 years.
A worker bee, she is!
The Vacaville Museum Children's Party, open to Vacaville children between the ages of 3 and 9, will take place from 10 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. in the museum courtyard at 213 Buck Ave., Vacaville. Tickets, limited to 250, are $3 for children (same price for adults accompanying them). Tickets must be purchased at the museum on Thursdays through Saturdays between 1 p.m. and 4:30 p.m.
Coordinators Pamela King and Diana McLaughlin said the event, themed "Fun on the Farm," will include 4-H animals, a walk-around Mother Goose, face-painting, and a ring toss with a hobby horse named Trigger (the work of Peter Shull and Georganne Gebers), Among the many other activities, the youngsters will create sand art jars, craft paper crowns, plant seeds in a take-home container, and pose for photos behind a Bohart Museum of Entomology dogface butterfly cutout banner. Lunch, on the house, will include hog dogs, popcorn, chips, cookies and water.
But back to Ettamarie Peterson.
“I started beekeeping before I retired in 1998 from 37 years of teaching,” she said. “My teaching career was mostly in special education, following a few years teaching second and first grade. I became one of the first resource teachers in California back in 1980 after getting my master's degree in special education."
Active in the beekeeping industry, Ettamarie has served as president and treasurer of Sonoma County Beekeepers' Association (SCBA) "for many years" and edits the SCBA newsletter, The Monthly Extractor.
She loves "talking bees." She shows her glassed-in bee observation hive at schools and other venues. She collects swarms for her Liberty 4-H Club beekeepers. "I got involved in 4-H when my son wanted his daughters to learn how to keep bees,” she recalled. “They are both parents now so I am hoping to teach the three great-grandsons, too!"
Her interests also include bee photography, raising chickens, growing vegetables. and planting flowers “for the bees and butterflies. My granddaughter and I have a special garden in front of my house for bees and butterflies."
Ettamarie is also a longtime friend and supporter of UC Davis. She delivered a tribute to the late Eric Mussen (1946-2022), a 38-year California Cooperative Extension apiculturist and member of the Department of Entomology and Nematology faculty.
She and her husband, Ray (a non-beekeeper), enjoy life on the Peterson Ranch. "We've been married for 65 years and have 3 children, 9 grandchildren and 12 great grandchildren! What a wonderful life I have!”
Just don't call her a queen bee, please. She'd rather be a worker bee!
![Encouraged by the workshop instructor to hold newly emerged bees, Ettamarie Peterson shows a handful of bees at the Harry H. Laidlaw Jr. Honey Bee Research Facility at UC Davis. (Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey) Encouraged by the workshop instructor to hold newly emerged bees, Ettamarie Peterson shows a handful of bees at the Harry H. Laidlaw Jr. Honey Bee Research Facility at UC Davis. (Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey)](/blogs/blogcore/blogfiles/107738.jpg)
![Ettamarie Peterson stands next to Miss Bee Haven, an eight-foot-long ceramic-mosaic sculpture of a worker bee at the UC Davis Bee Haven. It is the work of Donna Billick of Davis. (Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey) Ettamarie Peterson stands next to Miss Bee Haven, an eight-foot-long ceramic-mosaic sculpture of a worker bee at the UC Davis Bee Haven. It is the work of Donna Billick of Davis. (Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey)](/blogs/blogcore/blogfiles/107739.jpg)
- Author: JD Trebec
When I first bought my home in central Woodland six years ago, there wasn't much in the yard to interest dragons: a mature orange tree that produced amazingly delicious navel oranges in the winter, a human-planted valley oak on the street out front, and squirrel-planted valley oak too close to my neighbor's fence line that looks ready to wallop my workshop. The rest of my small yard was Bermuda grass that burped up a fluffy clouds of invasive oxalis in the early spring and then reverted back to tired looking grass when the summer heat arrived. Nothing of interest, really, for a dragon. They aren't that interested in acorns or sorrel salad, and thankfully, they don't care for amazingly delicious oranges either because, of course, dragons are carnivores.
I quickly (well maybe not so quickly, it took a couple years) dug up and lasagna'ed the lawn and set up some garden beds and patches of native plants. It was only a few years after that that I started to spot the dragons: a flame skimmer resting on a corn stalk, a blue-eyed darner lurking among the peach leaves. This left me somewhat confused because I did not believe that dragons would be interested in my land-locked urban lot.
I'm talking about dragonflies of course and there are no bodies of water anywhere near me. Everyone knows that dragonflies are aquatic insects, right? How did they end up here? I wondered if they had blown in from Cache Creek somehow or maybe hitched a ride over from the Yolo Bypass. They didn't seem to stay long. It wasn't until recently when I saw about a half dozen of what appeared to be four-spot pennants darting and swooping about ten feet overhead in the early evening that I began to put it all together.
Dragonfly larvae are aquatic, but the adults certainly aren't, and with a cruising speed of about 16 kilometers per hour (10 mph), why wouldn't they stretch their wings and see the world? Just like birds or, closer to the mark, butterflies, many species of dragonflies migrate. While the migratory routes of butterflies like the Monarchs are well known, dragonfly movements are still something of a mystery. However, one of note, the appropriately named globe skimmer dragonfly, has been tracked from India to East Africa and over to Middle Asia, a total distance of 14,000 km (8,700 miles). https://india.mongabay.com/2021/11/high-flying-dragons-how-the-globe-skimmer-migrates-across-the-indian-ocean/
Like the Monarch butterfly, dragonfly migrations may take several generations as the insect swarms (I find the collective name ‘flight' more appropriate for dragonflies) follow a shifting path of ancestral pools. Some dragonfly flights follow the same flyways as hawks, and groups like the Golden Gate Raptor Observatory have added the occasional bug count to their seasonal observations of birds of prey. https://www.parksconservancy.org/park-e-ventures-article/smaller-winged-creatures-flying-through-headlands
I can't say for sure that the changes to my yard have inadvertently resulted in a bit of dragon habitat, but likely there are some additional tasty bug snacks now that merit a dragon flyby. I am happy to host them so long as they stick to eating mosquitoes, gnats, and any pests that are eyeballing my garden, and leave the oranges to me.
A Dragon(fly)! Blue-eyed darner (photos by JD Trebec)
and a Damsel(fly)! Arroyo bluet
Note: Accuracy of amateur insect identification may be questionable beyond the Genus level!