Cooper, Monica : IPM, biological control

Mealybug Management and Leafroll Virus in California Vineyards Monica L . Cooper Rodrigo P.P . Almeida & Kent M . Daane Mealybug management Species - specific Situation - dependent © Dewitt Jones / CORBIS Mealybugs in California Vineyards : Pseudococcus maritimus ( Grape MB ) Pseudococcus viburni ( Obscure MB ) Pseudococcus longispinus ( Longtailed MB ) Planococcus ficus ( Vine MB ) Planococcus citri ( Citrus MB ) Ferrisia gilli ( Gillâ??s MB ) Rhizoecus falcifer ( Ground MB ) Rhizoecus kondonis ( Ground MB ) Maconellicoccus hirsutus ( Pink hibiscus ) Gillâ??s Grape Vine Obscure Mealybug damage Direct Indirect : vector pathogens Mealybug management Ant management Biological control Mating disruption © Dewitt Jones / CORBIS Insecticides Ant bait BC MD Insecticide Grape Stand - Present No Target alone product young MB Rotate chemistry to Obscure Combine Release No avoid product resistance Use with Vine Combine Release Check - other tools Mate in IPM program Gillâ??s ? Present Not identified Grape mealybug in North Coast : Small , endemic populations rarely cause As a Vector : economic damage uEffectives . It only takes ONE mealybug to transmit vir biological control Low GMB populations : no bunch damage , but virus transmission . â?¦ except in the Results in ZERO tolerance . presence of ants Eradication would be difficult . How will we manage MB vector populations ? Mealybugs & Leafroll virus Host Vector Virus Environment Scagliusi et al . 2002 UC Statewide IPM Project Mealybugs & Leafroll virus Vector ( s ) Host Virus Environment UC Statewide IPM Project Scagliusi et al . 2002 GLRaV - 3 Insect Vectors in California Grape mealybug Obscure mealybug Longtailed mealybug Vine mealybug Citrus mealybug Cottony vine scale No specificity is evident in leafroll virus transmission Tsai et al . Phytopathology , submitted GLRaV - 1 Vector in California European fruit lecanium scale The vector ( s ) : Virus transmission Acquisition : 1 hr ( max efficiency at 24 h . ) Inoculation : 1 hr ( max efficiency at 24 h . ) Tsai , Almeida et al . Phytopath . 2008 The vector ( s ) : Virus Retention Mealybug lost infectivity 4 d after acquisition ( when transferred to non - host of LR - 3 ) Tsai , Almeida et al . Phytopath . ( accepted ) Sforza et al . Mealybugs & Leafroll virus Virus Host Vector Environment Scagliusi et al . 2002 UC Statewide IPM Project Worldwide , leafroll disease is most significant grapevine viral disease 10 serologically distinct viruses ( GLRaVâ??s ) associated with leafroll disease Spread documented by Golino and Weber ( Calif Agric , 2008 , v . 62 ( 4 ) ) photo courtesy of Deborah Golino The virus : Which of the leafroll associated viruses is responsible for the epidemic ? Survey work in 16 Napa vineyards , 300 samples ( Almeida and Fernandez 2008 ) Mainly GLRaV - 3 Some GLRaV - 1 , GLRaV - 2 Little of the others Mealybugs & Leafroll virus Host Vector Virus Environment Scagliusi et al . 2002 UC Statewide IPM Project The host : Re - development & virus reservoirs Live roots harbor pathogens â?¦ and pests . ( 30 % of samples positive for LR ) ( cm ) 0 + 10 + 20 + 30 + 40 + 50 + 60 + 70 + 80 + Photo courtesy Mark Battany 90 + Can we keep the virus and vector from spreading ? Protect young vines : Clutch ( clothianidin ) and Movento ( spirotetramat ) LR source block Movement of GLRaV from a point infestation MB movement An invasive mealybug pest and an emerging viral disease : a dangerous mix for West coast vineyards University of California Kent Daane , CE Entomologist Rodrigo Almeida , Insect Vectors Deborah Golino , Jim Wolpert , Monica Cooper , Rhonda Smith , and Grower - collaborators Washington State University Naidu Rayapati , Pant Pathology Douglas B Walsh , Entomology USDA - ARS ( Oregon ) Robert R . Martin Plant Pathology Oregon State University Vaughn Walton , Entomology Patricia A . Skinkis , CE Viticulture