Boulton, Roger :

Minimizing Energy , Water and Chemical Footprints of Wineries â?? Metrics and Chemistries Roger Boulton Stephen Sinclair Scott Professor Department of Viticulture and Enology University of California , Davis Recent Advances in Viticulture and Enology th March 18 2010 Outline â?¢ Carbon Footprints â?¢ Energy Footprints â?¢ Water Footprints â?¢ Chemical Footprints â?? GHG and Cleaning â?¢ Scaled Footprints â?¢ Self - Sustainable in Energy â?¢ Self - Sustainable in Water â?¢ Future Winemaking Practices â?¢ Where are the Industry Metrics ? Winery Carbon Footprints Classes and Ownership Winery vs Vineyard Bottles Vineyard Winery Distributor Retailer Consumer Other Grapes Other Wine Recycle , Compost Supplies Landfill Packaging Waste Water Electricity Gas Fuel Supply Chain and Product Chain Footprint of Wine CO Release CO Release 2 2 CO Uptake CO Uptake 2 2 CO Release CO Release 2 2 Vineyard Winery Distributor Retailer Consumer Other Grapes Other Wine Recycle , Compost Supplies Landfill Packaging Waste Water Electricity Gas Fuel Estimated Components of CO Emissions Related to Winemaking 2 Manufacture of Glass Bottles 500 - 45 % Manufacture of Other Agents 1 - 0 % Wine to Shelf 200 - 18 % Electricity Used Solid Waste 133 - 12 % 4 - 0 % Agents to Winery Natural Gas Used 10 - 1 % 120 - 11 % Fermentation Release Bottles to Winery 135 - 12 % 10 - 1 % Grapes to Winery 962 lb CO per Ton Grapes Vineyard Operations 2 5 - 0 % 5 - 0 % Winery Energy Footprints Electricity and Natural Gas Refrigeration Systems Temperature and Condenser Temperature Heat Gains Coefficient of Performance - Ammonia 16 14 12 In Out / Work 10 125 % 8 Energy Condenser Temp = 20 C COP , 6 75 % 4 50 % 2 Condenser Temp = 30 C 0 - 50 - 40 - 30 - 20 - 10 0 10 20 Evaporator Temperature ( C ) Scale Effects and Footprints Surface Area per Volume â?¢ Heat Gain α Surface Area ( A ) â?¢ Heat Gain per Volume α to A / V 0.67 1.0 - 0.33 A / V α [ V ] ^ / [ V ] ^ or [ V ] â?¢ Log - Log Plot of Refrigeration Load vs Volume would have a slope of - 0.33 due ambient heat gain â?¢ Log - Log Plot would have a slope of 0.0 due to fermentation load â?¢ Actually looks like - 0.25 Fermentation 200 KWh / T n = 0.0 Actual n = - 0.25 Wall Losses n = - 0.33 Winery Water Footprint Water Footprints Scaling of Water Footprints Practices and Efficiency Site - Specific Sustainable Water Use Surface Area per Volume â?¢ Water Use α Surface Area ( A ) â?¢ Water Use per Volume α to A / V 0.67 1.0 - 0.33 A / V α [ V ] ^ / [ V ] ^ or [ V ] â?¢ Log - Log Plot of Water Use vs Volume would have a slope of - 0.33 due wall Area per Volume â?¢ Log - Log Plot would have a slope of 0.0 if same water use per volume â?¢ Actually looks like - 0.36 ( seasonal ) - 0.33 ( annual ) 750 L / T or 1.5 L / L Actual n = - 0.36 3000 L / T or 6 L / L No Scale Effect Actual n = - 0.33 Winery Chemistry Footprints Cleaning Chemical Footprints Green Chemical Use Carbon Emissions Green Cleaning Chemistries Elimination of Sodium , Chlorine , Phosphates , Organics with BOD or COD Potassium - based Acid and Base Neutral pH Mixture Green CIP Chemistry â?¢ Acid Solution : 20 mM KHSO , pH = 2.5 4 Base Solution : 20 mM KOH , pH = 11.5 Discharge : 20 mM K SO , pH = 7.0 2 4 â?¢ Rinse Water â?? Pre - Rinse â?? In between Base and Acid â?? Post - Rinse â?¢ Use of 5 % Hydrogen Peroxide Sustainable Wineries in the Future Site - Specific Sustainability Availability and Use Metrics Not a List of Practices , depends on Frequency Self - Sustainability Future Winery Solutions - I â?¢ Energy â?? Low Carbon , On - site Energy Production â?? Photovoltaics ( Electrical ) â?? Passive Solar ( Thermal , Stirling Dishes ) â?? Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrids â?? Large Storage Capacity , Constant Low Loads â?? Avoidance of On - Demand Power Systems â?? Efficient Cooling Systems Future Winery Solutions - II â?¢ Water â?? Rain Water Capture and Storage â?? Reverse Osmosis Filtration ( RO ) â?? Green , Sustainable Cleaning Chemistry â?? Cleaning - in - Place ( CIP ) with Solution Recovery â?? Nano - Filtration ( NF ) and Solution Re - Use th th â?? 1 / 10 to 1 / 5 of conventional water requirements Future Winery Solutions - III â?¢ Green House Gas â?? Non - Carbon Energy Production Hybrid â?? Fermentation Carbon Dioxide Capturing â?? On - Site Carbon Dioxide Sequestering Sustainable On - Site Power Generation Photovoltaic - Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrid Hydrogen Storage Capacity Large Thermal Storage Capacity Electricity â?¢ Solar Photo - Voltaic Generation during Daylight â?? Tracking cells in the Vineyard , on Buildings â?? Building roof , ground or pond array â?¢ Hydrogen Fuel Cell â?? Evening power production , backup generator â?? Cogeneration of hot water from reactor heat â?¢ Grid connection for backup , returning excess power â?¢ Fork Lifts , Tractors and ATVs would be electrical High Performance Photovoltaics PV to Hydrogen to Fuel Cell Hydrogen Fuel Cell On - Site Hydrogen Production from PhotoVoltaics Cleaning - in - Place , Capture , Filter and Reuse Solutions Green Cleaning Chemistry Elimination of Sodium , Chlorine , Phosphate and Nitrate Number of Uses A Two Tank CIP System Membrane Technologies â?¢ Nano - Filtration ( NF ) â?? Rejection of molecules larger than 150 MW + + + + â?? Rejection of Divalent ions , Ca , Mg + â?? Passage of Water and Monovalent ions , K â?? Passage of 90 to 95 % , Retention of 10 to 5 % â?¢ Reverse Osmosis ( RO ) â?? Rejection of all ions , Passage of Water â?? Passage of 90 to 95 % , Retention of 10 to 5 % RO and NF Membrane Systems Makeup CIP Tank Wash CIP System Clean Solution Storage NF Membrane System Barrel Wash Station Spent Solutions Waste The Number of Uses for Water 0.90 Initial Use Makeup Cum . Volume Number Saving 100.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 90.00 1.90 10.00 90.00 81.00 2.71 10.00 180.00 72.90 3.44 10.00 270.00 65.61 4.10 10.00 360.00 59.05 4.69 10.00 450.00 53.14 5.22 10.00 540.00 47.83 5.70 10.00 630.00 43.05 6.13 10.00 720.00 38.74 6.51 10.00 810.00 90.00 90.00 900.00 90.00 810.00 6.51 10.00 Recovery Cycle # 123456789 10 % Recovery Volume Makeup Saved # Uses Reduction Factor Water Recovery Variables ( Basis of 100 Volumes ) 100 10 90 9 Original Volume 80 Use8 97.5 % in Use 70 7 in Number Volume 60 6 Use Number 50 5 Use Original 40 4 80 % 30 3 20 2 10 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cycle Number Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration Potential for Zero Carbon Footprint and a Negative Carbon Business Fermentation Emissions â?¢ Capture all Fermentation gases at Source â?? CO ( and Ethanol ) emissions 2 â?¢ Gas Manifolds to Scrubber Location â?? Outside building , ground level â?¢ Gas Scrubber â?? Bubble Columns â?? Water with Ca ( OH ) , controlled pH > 10 2 â?? Filter CaCO dried , recovered 3 â?? Recycled water with Ca ( OH ) makeup 2 Carbon Dioxide Ca [ OH ] 2 Air Makeup Ca [ OH ] 2 Recycle Fermentors Bubble Columns CaCO 3 Alternative Winemaking Practices Fewer Wine Transfers , Adopting Technologies that enable Fewer Wine Transfers Examples of More Sustainable Practices â?¢ 4 Examples : â?? In - line White Juice Flotation â?? Protein Adsorption Columns â?? Fluidized - Bed Crystallizer for Potassium Bitartrate â?? In - Tank Blending Systems â?¢ Save at least 4 tank washings for each tank of White Wine â?¢ Save at least 2 tank washings for each tank of Red Wine Wine Industry Metrics Site - Specific Sustainability Scaled Energy Footprint Scaled Water Footprint Number of Uses for Water Green - House Gas Footprint ( CO ) 2 Scaled Cleaning Chemistry Footprint Extent of Self - Sustainable Energy Production Extent of Self - Sustainable Water Capture Where are the Industry Metrics ? â?¢ Web - based gathering of data â?? Electricity â?? Water â?? Confidentially Reported Tonnage or Volume â?¢ Anonymous Scaled - Footprint Distributions â?¢ Self - identified Footprints Hypothetical Water Use Distribution 20 100 18 90 Mean = 2.0 L / L 16 80 ( % ) 14 70 Fraction 12 60 Frequency 10 50 Cumulative 25 % ile 8 40 75 % ile 6 30 5 % ile 4 20 95 % ile Mean 2 10 0 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 L Water per L of Wine Possible Winery Metric Energy 1000000000000 Cleaning Chemistry 987654321 % Self Sustainable Carbon Dioxide Water Number of Uses % Self Sustainable Possible Winery Metric 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Energy % Self Water % Self Number of Carbon Cleaning Sustainable Sustainable Uses Dioxide Chemistry Possible Winery Metric Energy Cleaning Chemistry % Sustainable Energy Carbon Water Dioxide Number of Uses % Sustainable Water Summary â?¢ Footprints â?¢ Scaled Energy Footprints â?¢ Scaled Water Footprints â?¢ Scaled Chemical Footprints â?? GHG and Cleaning â?¢ Self - Sustainable in Energy â?¢ Self - Sustainable in Water â?¢ Future Winemaking Practices â?¢ Where are the Industry Metrics ? Acknowledgements 2010 RAVE Organizing Committee Robert Mondavi Jerry Lohr , Ron and Diane Miller Jess Jackson and Barbara Banke The Wine Group Over 150 other Donors Stephen Sinclair Scott Endowment