Godini, Angelo : A. Godini is Professor, Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Italy.

Vivaldi, Gaetano Alessandro : G. Allesandro Vivaldi is Ph.D. Student, Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Italy.

Camposeo, Salvatore : S. Camposeo is Ph.D. Researcher, Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Italy.

Olive cultivars field - tested in super - high - density system in southern Italy by Angelo Godini , Gaetano Alessandro Vivaldi , â?? Arbosana â?? and â?? Koroneiki â?? , two ad - California production of extra - virgin and Salvatore Camposeo ditional cultivars were introduced : olive oil is reportedly about 2 % of total â?? Coratina â?? , the most popular Apulian U.S . consumption , with the rest im - olive oil cultivar , and â?? Urano â?? , a new ported mainly from Italy and Spain . In ccording to the International Ol - Italian cultivar considered by our recent years , California has started in - Aive Oil Council , world olive oil research group to be well - suited for creasing its oil olive acreage . California consumption has risen from 2.8 mil - super - high - density olive culture . olive growers have planted more than lion tons ( 1991 - 1992 ) to 3.5 million tons The olive trees were propagated in 22,000 acres since 1999 , about 12,000 ( 2005 - 2006 ) , due to increases in the commercial nurseries by softwood cut - acres of which is in the super - high - consumption of healthier foods in many ting , and the experimental orchard was density olive system , with tree densities countries , including the United States . established according to the super - high - of 676 per acre or more . This system al - The market outlook for extra - virgin ol - density planting scheme ( 676 plant per lows for mechanical planting and har - ive oil is very good , and many countries acre , with a tree spacing of 157.5 inches vesting of olives , reducing labor costs . are actively increasing their olive acre - by 59 inches ) and a north - south row We believe that super - high - density ages , particularly in North Africa , the orientation . The trees were trained to olive culture can help to assure profit - Middle East , South America , Australia central leaders . Drip irrigation was sup - ability for both European and U.S . olive and the United States ( Godini 2010 ) . plied to each tree every 3 days between growers in the coming decades . This The Mediterraneanâ??s traditional olive late spring and late summer , increasing model , born in Spain at the end of the industry is based on production sys - from 423 cubic yards per acre annually 20th century , has resulted in noticeable tems that are hundreds of years old and in 2006 , to 476 in 2007 , to 794 in 2008 increases in yield per acre . Up until characterized by low yields and high and 2009 . Harvesting was performed now , super - high - density olive culture production costs . The European Union on Nov . 20 in 2008 and 2009 , in the third has utilized a limited number of culti - subsidy system , which has helped and fourth years after planting , respec - vars , primarily â?? Arbequina â?? , â?? Arbosana â?? European olive farmers to stay in busi - tively , using the Pellenc Activ â?? 4560 har - and â?? Koroneiki â?? , which possess suitable vesting machine . features such as a semi - Vossen dwarf habit , early bearing Cultivar M.performance ( first production at the Paul Vegetation . In December 2009 , the second - to - third year after average tree height had reached 107 planting ) , consistent ini - inches , 5.3 times the initial growth of tial crops ( more than 2.2 the previous year , with a maximum of pounds per plant ) , crop 7.6 times more growth for â?? Arbequina â?? stabilization between 5 and a minimum of 2.2 times more for and 6 years , and fruit that â?? Urano â?? ( table 1 ) . Only the crown width is impact - resistant and has of â?? Coratina â?? exceeded 79 inches by good oil quality ( Godini and Bellomo 2002 ) . TABLE 1 . Tree height at planting ( June - July 2006 ) The results that we pres - and December 2009 , crown width in ent here are preliminary . December 2009 Considering that Italyâ??s Mediterranean climate Super - high - density hedgerow planting systems for olives Crown is similar to Californiaâ??s , employ over - the - row harvesters ( shown , in California ) . Tree height width we believe that soil and December December ness , will end in 2014 . Moreover , the climate differences should have little Cultivar Planting 2009 2009 application of a â?? free exchange â?쳌 area influence on the applicability of these inches in 2010 will legalize the importation of findings to California . Arbequina 14.1b * 107.3b 77.5b lower - cost extra - virgin olive oils from Arbosana 13.0b 97.0c 77.7b Experimental orchard the southern Mediterranean Basin into Coratina 16.9b 120.9a 96.5a In summer 2006 , we established Europe ( Godini 2010 ) . Year after year , Koroneiki 16.0b 117.6a 78.4b a new experimental orchard at the profitability of Italyâ??s traditional Urano 41.1a 92.7c 74.5b Valenzano , near Bari , in the experimen - olive culture becomes increasingly tal farm of the Dipartimento di Scienze doubtful , notwithstanding the world - Mean 20.2 107.1 80.9 delle Produzioni Vegetali at University wide renown of so - called â?? Made in * Within the same column and for a single parameter , different letters mark values significantly different at Aldo Moro of Bari , Italy . In addition Italy â?쳌 extra - virgin olive oil ( Godini and P = 0.01 ( SNK test ) . to standard clones of â?? Arbequina â?? , Bellomo 2002 ) . http : / / californiaagriculture.ucanr.org â?¢ JANUARY â?? MARCH 2011 39 December 2009 , exceeding the harvester TABLE 2 . Fruit production per year , cumulative yield at the third ( 2008 ) and fourth ( 2009 ) year after tunnel size and requiring pruning planting , and mean oil output and cumulative production intervention to control its transverse canopy growth . Fruit production Annual yields . The average annual Cumulative Mean oil Cumulative oil Cultivar 3rd year 4th year yield * output production yield in the third year was 7.7 pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pounds / tree â?  tons / acre % tons / acre per tree , equivalent to 2.3 tons per acre ; Arbequina 5.5b â?¡ 12.4ab 33.4b 17.7 5.68b only â?? Urano â?? exhibited a surprisingly high yield of 3.7 tons per acre ( table Arbosana 6.2b 12.6ab 35.1ab 17.5 5.83b 2 ) . In the fourth year , the average crop Coratina 7.1b 11.3b 34.1b 17.3 5.86b yield was 11 pounds per tree or 3.3 Koroneiki 8.4b 13.7a 41.3a 15.0 6.89a tons per acre ( up 40 % from 2008 ) , and Urano 12.1a 4.9c 31.6c 16.8 5.26b it was more variable among cultivars . Mean 7.7 11.0 35.1 16.9 5.91 â?? Koroneiki â?? , â?? Arbosana â?? and â?? Arbequina â?? * Over four years of the trial . followed by â?? Coratina â?? gave satisfactory â?  7.73 pounds per tree = 2.3 tons per acre . yield ( between 13.7 and 11.3 pounds per â?¡ Within the same column and for a single parameter , different letters mark values significantly different at P = 0.01 ( SNK test ) . tree or 4.1 and 3.4 tons per acre ) . The yield for â?? Urano â?? dropped to 4.9 pounds We know that higher yields have efficiency ; â?? Arbosana â?? and â?? Koroneiki â?? per tree or 1.5 tons per acre , perhaps been recorded elsewhere with super - were less satisfactory . But these differ - due to heavy cropping in the previous high - density olive culture ; however , ences were due to the fruit - ripening year . Cumulative yields and oil . We also we consider annual yields of about stages reached by each cultivar at the compared cumulative yields over the 17.5 tons per acre of fruit to be satisfac - harvesting date : mature for â?? Arbequina â?? , first 4 years of the trial . â?? Koroneiki â?? tory . In fact , this value , equivalent to a â?? Coratina â?? and â?? Urano â?? , but immature showed the highest cumulative yield yield of only about 9.4 pounds per tree , â?? Arbosana â?? and â?? Koroneiki â?? . ( 41.3 tons per acre ) , and â?? Urano â?? was would be helpful in avoiding alternate No damaged fruits were reported for relatively less productive ( 31.6 tons per bearing and subsequent problems that â?? Arbequina â?? , â?? Arbosana â?? and â?? Koroneiki â?? , acre ) ( table 2 ) . The peculiar behavior of could cause conflicts between vegeta - whereas â?? Coratina â?? and â?? Urano â?? exhib - â?? Urano â?? requires further investigation . tive growth and cropping consistency . ited very low percentages of damaged Considering its average overall oil con - Tree size can be controlled by pruning fruit . tent of about 17.0 % , â?? Koroneiki â?? was the when they grow larger than the size of The average percentage of shoots most productive cultivar with 6.9 tons the harvester head . Our data indicates damaged per tree by the harvesting ma - per acre of oil over 4 years . The other that the noted yield limit was reached chine beaters was insignificant at less cultivars exhibited similar cumulative by at least four out of five cultivars in than 1.0 % . Of these damaged shoots , oil production . just the 4th year after planting . young and thin current - year shoots Harvesting efficiency , fruit and shoot incurred the most damage ( 80.0 % ) , per - Harvesting efficiency was damage . haps because they were more exposed . satisfactory on the whole ( 93.1 % ) , not - The percentage of damaged shoots up A . Godini is Professor , G . Allesandro Vivaldi is withstanding differences among cul - to 1 inch in diameter was 14.3 % , and Ph.D . Student , and S . Camposeo is Ph.D . Re - tivars ( table 3 ) . â?? Arbequina â?? , â?? Coratina â?? to shoots thicker than 1 inch was 5.7 % . searcher , Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni and â?? Urano â?? had the highest harvest Only â?? Coratina â?? and â?? Urano â?? exhibited Vegetali , University Aldo Moro of Bari , Italy . The a significant percentage of broken authors wish to thank Provincia di Bari , Italy , for its financial support of this research . shoots or branches thicker than 1 inch : â?? Coratina â?? because of its spreading habit TABLE 3 . Harvesting efficiency , damaged fruits References and damaged shoots per tree , as mean of the between rows , and â?? Urano â?? because of Camposeo S , Ferrara G , Palasciano M , Godini A . 2008 . third and fourth year after planting its spreading habit and thick , bending Varietal behaviour according to the superintensive olive - culture training system . Acta Hortic 791 : 271 â?? 4 . branches . Harvesting Fruit Shoots Camposeo S , Godini A . 2010 . Preliminary results about Cultivar efficiency damaged damaged the performance of 13 cultivars according to the su - High density , high yields per high density oliveculture training system in Apulia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % n / tree ( Southern Italy ) . Adv Hortic Sci 24 ( 1 ) : 16 â?? 20 . The present data confirms and im - Arbequina 97.2a * 0.0c 0.4b Camposeo S , Vivaldi GA , Gallotta A , et al . 2010 . Valu - proves upon results obtained in previ - tazione chimica e sensoriale degli oli di alcune varietà Arbosana 87.1b 0.0c 0.5ab ous experimental trials ( Camposeo and di olivo allevate in Puglia con il modello superintensivo . Coratina 97.3a 1.5a 0.2c Frutticoltura 72 ( 6 ) : 80 - 83 ( in Italian with summary in Godini 2010 ) . In terms of early bearing English ) . Koroneiki 87.6b 0.0c 0.6a and yield consistency , all the tested cul - Godini A . 2010 . Lâ??olivicoltura italiana tra valorizzazione Urano 96.0a 0.4b 0.2c tivars performed satisfactorily . And in e innovazione . Frutticoltura 72 ( 6 ) : 52 â?? 69 ( in Italian with summary in English ) . sensory evaluations , the resulting extra - Mean 93.1 0.4 0.4 Godini A , Bellomo F . 2002 . Olivicoltura superintensiva virgin oils had sweet typology and * Within the same column and for a single parameter , in Puglia per la raccolta meccanica con vendemmiatrice . different letters mark values significantly different at were well - balanced , highly fruity and International Congress of Oliveculture . Spoleto ( Italy ) , P = 0.01 ( SNK test ) . ready to use ( Camposeo et al . 2010 ) . April 22 - 23 : 230 â?? 4 ( in Italian with summary in English ) . 40 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE â?¢ VOLUME 65 , NUMBER 1