Rootstocks
Rootstock Details by Calcareous Soil Tolerance : Good
Bright's Hybrid 4 & 5
Other Names
BH 4, BH 5
Species
Prunus dulcis x Prunus persica
Origin
USA, Bright's Nursery
Vigor
Very vigorous
Vigor Explanation
Waterlogging Tolerance
Unknown
Waterlogging Explanation
Calcareous Soil Tolerance
Good
Compatibility with Peach and Nectarine
Good
Compatibility with Plum
Unknown
Suckering
Little or none
Explanations for calcareous soil tolerance - compatiblities - suckering
Drought Tolerance
Unknown
Anchorage
Good
Precocity
Unknown
Fruit Ripening
Unknown
Flower Timing
Unknown
Flower Density
Unknown
Cold Hardiness
Rootknot Nematode
Resistant or tolerant
Lesion Nematode
Resistant or tolerant
Ring Nematode
Partly resistant
Nematode Explanations
Performed well in California trials (Nematode Table).
Bacterial Canker
Unknown
Phytophthora
Unknown
Armillaria
Unknown
Crown Gall
Unknown
Disease Explanations
Other Diseases
Availability from Nurseries
Propagation Methods
Summary Comments
More vigorous than Nemaguard, this rootstock has survived and produced well in the 2001 and 2009 NC-140 trials. It also has good resistance to nematodes.
References
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Cadaman
Other Names
Species
Prunus persica x Prunus davidiana
Origin
Introduced in France by INRA, but selected in Hungary
Vigor
Standard
Vigor Explanation
Similar to Nemaguard in NC-140 trials. In Europe, it is reported to start off very vigorous, then slows down after 4 or 5 years.
Waterlogging Tolerance
Good
Waterlogging Explanation
Calcareous Soil Tolerance
Good
Compatibility with Peach and Nectarine
Good
Compatibility with Plum
Unknown
Suckering
Little or none
Explanations for calcareous soil tolerance - compatiblities - suckering
Drought Tolerance
Unknown
Anchorage
Good
Precocity
Precocious
Fruit Ripening
Unknown
Flower Timing
Unknown
Flower Density
Unknown
Cold Hardiness
No
Rootknot Nematode
Resistant or tolerant
Lesion Nematode
Partly resistant
Ring Nematode
Susceptible
Nematode Explanations
Bacterial Canker
Phytophthora
Unknown
Armillaria
Unknown
Crown Gall
Unknown
Disease Explanations
Other Diseases
Availability from Nurseries
Propagation Methods
Propagated by softwood or semi-hardwood cuttings
Summary Comments
Widely used in Europe because of its tolerance to calcareous soils. Has looked promising in NC-140 trials.
References
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Cornerstone
Other Names
SLAP
Species
Prunus dulcis x Prunus persica
Origin
USA, Burchell Nursery
Vigor
Standard
Vigor Explanation
Slightly more vigorous than Nemaguard in the 2001 NC-140 trial.
Waterlogging Tolerance
Waterlogging Explanation
Calcareous Soil Tolerance
Good
Compatibility with Peach and Nectarine
Unknown
Compatibility with Plum
Suckering
Explanations for calcareous soil tolerance - compatiblities - suckering
Drought Tolerance
Anchorage
Precocity
Fruit Ripening
Flower Timing
Flower Density
Cold Hardiness
Rootknot Nematode
Resistant or tolerant
Lesion Nematode
Partly resistant
Ring Nematode
Nematode Explanations
Similar to Nemaguard in California tests (Nematode Table)
Bacterial Canker
Phytophthora
Armillaria
Crown Gall
Disease Explanations
Other Diseases
Availability from Nurseries
Propagation Methods
Summary Comments
Performed well in the 2001 NC-140 trial. However, 2 of the 8 trees suddenly collapsed in 2003 from unknown causes.
References
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Empyrean 101
Other Names
Adesoto 101
Species
Prunus insititia
Origin
Spain
Vigor
Semidwarf
Vigor Explanation
Waterlogging Tolerance
Good
Waterlogging Explanation
Calcareous Soil Tolerance
Good
Compatibility with Peach and Nectarine
Good
Compatibility with Plum
Unknown
Suckering
Lots
Explanations for calcareous soil tolerance - compatiblities - suckering
In the 2002 NC-140 trial, this rootstock had 60 suckers per tree in California. Most other sites had much less.
Drought Tolerance
Unknown
Anchorage
Good
Precocity
Precocious
Fruit Ripening
Advanced
Flower Timing
Unknown
Flower Density
Unknown
Cold Hardiness
No
Rootknot Nematode
Resistant or tolerant
Lesion Nematode
Susceptible
Ring Nematode
Susceptible
Nematode Explanations
Resistant to root-knot nematode. Reported to be partly resistant to lesion nematode, but California studies showed it very susceptible. (Nematode Table)
Bacterial Canker
Susceptible
Phytophthora
Unknown
Armillaria
Unknown
Crown Gall
Unknown
Disease Explanations
Highly susceptible to bacterial canker in South Carolina.
Other Diseases
Availability from Nurseries
Propagation Methods
Propagates by hardwood cutting and micropropagation.
Summary Comments
Performed OK in the 2002 NC-140 trial, except for excessive suckering.
References
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Empyrean 2
Other Names
Penta
Species
Prunus domestica
Origin
Rome, Italy
Vigor
Semidwarf
Vigor Explanation
Waterlogging Tolerance
Good
Waterlogging Explanation
Calcareous Soil Tolerance
Good
Compatibility with Peach and Nectarine
Good
Compatibility with Plum
Unknown
Suckering
Little or none
Explanations for calcareous soil tolerance - compatiblities - suckering
Reports from Italy state it to be compatible with plum and apricot
Drought Tolerance
Unknown
Anchorage
Good
Precocity
Precocious
Fruit Ripening
Normal
Flower Timing
Unknown
Flower Density
Unknown
Cold Hardiness
No
Rootknot Nematode
Resistant or tolerant
Lesion Nematode
Partly resistant
Ring Nematode
Susceptible
Nematode Explanations
In Europe it is reported to be partly resistant to ring nematode, but California studies (Nematode Table) have shown it to be very susceptible.
Bacterial Canker
Unknown
Phytophthora
Unknown
Armillaria
Unknown
Crown Gall
Unknown
Disease Explanations
Other Diseases
Availability from Nurseries
Propagation Methods
Easily propagated by hardwood cuttings and by micropropagation
Summary Comments
This rootstock has looked promising in NC-140 trials. It has survived well and been productive. However, it is a smaller tree than reported from Italy and it appears to be very susceptible to ring nematode, so it could be highly susecptible to bacterial canker as well.
References
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GF 655/2
Other Names
St. Julien 655/2
Species
Prunus insititia
Origin
Vigor
Dwarfing
Vigor Explanation
Waterlogging Tolerance
Good
Waterlogging Explanation
Calcareous Soil Tolerance
Good
Compatibility with Peach and Nectarine
Good
Compatibility with Plum
Unknown
Suckering
Lots
Explanations for calcareous soil tolerance - compatiblities - suckering
Drought Tolerance
Poor
Anchorage
Good
Precocity
Unknown
Fruit Ripening
Unknown
Flower Timing
Unknown
Flower Density
Unknown
Cold Hardiness
Unknown
Rootknot Nematode
Unknown
Lesion Nematode
Unknown
Ring Nematode
Unknown
Nematode Explanations
Bacterial Canker
Unknown
Phytophthora
Partly resistant
Armillaria
Unknown
Crown Gall
Resistant or tolerant
Disease Explanations
Other Diseases
Availability from Nurseries
Propagation Methods
Propagated by layering, hardwood cuttings and micropropagation
Summary Comments
Performed OK in the 1984 NC-140 trial but fruit size was always small and there was lots of suckering (but not nearly as much as Damas 1869).
References
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Ishtara
Other Names
Ferciana
Species
(P. cerasifera x P. salicina) x (P.cersifera x P. persica)
Origin
France
Vigor
Semidwarf
Vigor Explanation
Waterlogging Tolerance
Waterlogging Explanation
Calcareous Soil Tolerance
Good
Compatibility with Peach and Nectarine
Good
Compatibility with Plum
Good
Suckering
Little or none
Explanations for calcareous soil tolerance - compatiblities - suckering
In Italy, it is reported to maintain good fruit size, even when grown in calcareous soils
Drought Tolerance
Anchorage
Precocity
Fruit Ripening
Flower Timing
Flower Density
Cold Hardiness
Rootknot Nematode
Resistant or tolerant
Lesion Nematode
Partly resistant
Ring Nematode
Susceptible
Nematode Explanations
Bacterial Canker
Susceptible
Phytophthora
Armillaria
Susceptible
Crown Gall
Disease Explanations
In the 1994 NC-140 rootstock trial (California did not participate), Ishtara was reported to be very susceptible to bacterial canker and Armillaria.
Other Diseases
Availability from Nurseries
Propagation Methods
Summary Comments
References
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Jaspi
Other Names
Fereley
Species
Prunus salicina x Prunus spinosa
Origin
France
Vigor
Dwarfing
Vigor Explanation
Waterlogging Tolerance
Good
Waterlogging Explanation
Calcareous Soil Tolerance
Good
Compatibility with Peach and Nectarine
Poor
Compatibility with Plum
Good
Suckering
Lots
Explanations for calcareous soil tolerance - compatiblities - suckering
Compatibility with peach is limited - it is more suitable for apricot and plum
Drought Tolerance
Unknown
Anchorage
Unknown
Precocity
Unknown
Fruit Ripening
Unknown
Flower Timing
Unknown
Flower Density
Unknown
Cold Hardiness
Unknown
Rootknot Nematode
Unknown
Lesion Nematode
Unknown
Ring Nematode
Unknown
Nematode Explanations
Bacterial Canker
Susceptible
Phytophthora
Unknown
Armillaria
Unknown
Crown Gall
Unknown
Disease Explanations
Other Diseases
Availability from Nurseries
Propagation Methods
Summary Comments
Had excessive suckering in 2001 NC-140 trial, but otherwise performed OK. However, it is reported to be incompatible with many peach varieties.
References
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Krymsk 1
Other Names
VVA 1
Species
Prunus tomentosa x Prunus cerasifera
Origin
Russia
Vigor
Dwarfing
Vigor Explanation
Generally about 50% Nemaguard
Waterlogging Tolerance
Good
Waterlogging Explanation
Calcareous Soil Tolerance
Good
Compatibility with Peach and Nectarine
Poor
Compatibility with Plum
Good
Suckering
Little or none
Explanations for calcareous soil tolerance - compatiblities - suckering
In the NC-140 trials Redhaven has been used as the scion variety. Compatability has always been good in these trials. However, many other California varieties have been grafted on Krymsk 1 and many of these show signs of poor compatability. A report from Spain also indicated compatability problems with some varieties.
Drought Tolerance
Unknown
Anchorage
Good
Precocity
Unknown
Fruit Ripening
Unknown
Flower Timing
Unknown
Flower Density
Unknown
Cold Hardiness
Yes
Rootknot Nematode
Susceptible
Lesion Nematode
Resistant or tolerant
Ring Nematode
Susceptible
Nematode Explanations
California tests (Nematode Table) show susceptibility to root-knot but some resistance to lesion nematode.
Bacterial Canker
Susceptible
Phytophthora
Unknown
Armillaria
Unknown
Crown Gall
Susceptible
Disease Explanations
Did not survive well in a bacterial canker hot spot in South Carolina
Other Diseases
Availability from Nurseries
Propagation Methods
Hardwood cuttings
Summary Comments
In the NC-140 trials, with Redhaven as the scion variety, Krymsk 1 has been very impressive - healthy looking dwarf trees with little suckering, good production and large fruit size. However, many other California varieties have been grafted on this rootstock and most produce weak trees with rolled leaves and poor graft unions.
References
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Krymsk 86
Other Names
Kuban 86
Species
Prunus cerasifera x Prunus persica
Origin
Russia
Vigor
Standard
Vigor Explanation
Waterlogging Tolerance
Good
Waterlogging Explanation
Calcareous Soil Tolerance
Good
Compatibility with Peach and Nectarine
Good
Compatibility with Plum
Good
Suckering
Some
Explanations for calcareous soil tolerance - compatiblities - suckering
Drought Tolerance
Unknown
Anchorage
Good
Precocity
Unknown
Fruit Ripening
Unknown
Flower Timing
Unknown
Flower Density
Unknown
Cold Hardiness
Yes
Rootknot Nematode
Susceptible
Lesion Nematode
Partly resistant
Ring Nematode
Susceptible
Nematode Explanations
Bacterial Canker
Unknown
Phytophthora
Unknown
Armillaria
Susceptible
Crown Gall
Partly resistant
Disease Explanations
Other Diseases
Availability from Nurseries
Propagation Methods
Summary Comments
Being evaluated in the 2009 NC-140 trial. After 4 years, it has survived well, looks healthy with no suckers, and makes a standard size tree. Otherwise, we have little experience with this rootstock.
References
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Mr.S. 2/5
Other Names
Species
Not certain - could be Prunus cerasifera x Prunus spinosa or Prunus domestica x Prunus spinosa
Origin
Pisa, Italy
Vigor
Semidwarf
Vigor Explanation
Waterlogging Tolerance
Good
Waterlogging Explanation
Calcareous Soil Tolerance
Good
Compatibility with Peach and Nectarine
Good
Compatibility with Plum
Unknown
Suckering
Some
Explanations for calcareous soil tolerance - compatiblities - suckering
Drought Tolerance
Unknown
Anchorage
Good
Precocity
Precocious
Fruit Ripening
Advanced
Flower Timing
Unknown
Flower Density
Unknown
Cold Hardiness
No
Rootknot Nematode
Resistant or tolerant
Lesion Nematode
Susceptible
Ring Nematode
Susceptible
Nematode Explanations
Bacterial Canker
Resistant or tolerant
Phytophthora
Partly resistant
Armillaria
Partly resistant
Crown Gall
Resistant or tolerant
Disease Explanations
Several scientific studies show this rootstock to be resistant to some diseases such as bacterial canker and crown gall. However, in the California 2002 NC-140 trial, several trees died suddenly in the middle of the season, probably from a disease.
Other Diseases
Availability from Nurseries
Propagation Methods
Easy to propagate by layering, hardwood cuttings and micropropagation
Summary Comments
In Europe, it is reported to tolerate calcareous soils, waterlogging and several soil pests and diseases. However, it was not very impressive in the 2002 NC-140 trial - 3 of the 8 trees died suddenly in one year and suckering was a little excessive.
References
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Paramount
Other Names
GF 677
Species
Prunus dulcis x Prunus persica
Origin
Introduced in France by INRA
Vigor
Very vigorous
Vigor Explanation
Waterlogging Tolerance
Poor
Waterlogging Explanation
Calcareous Soil Tolerance
Good
Compatibility with Peach and Nectarine
Good
Compatibility with Plum
Unknown
Suckering
Little or none
Explanations for calcareous soil tolerance - compatiblities - suckering
Showed better tolerance of calcareous soils (no iron chlorosis) than many other rootstocks tested (Acta Hort article)
Drought Tolerance
Good
Anchorage
Good
Precocity
Delayed Precocity
Fruit Ripening
Delayed
Flower Timing
Unknown
Flower Density
Unknown
Cold Hardiness
No
Rootknot Nematode
Susceptible
Lesion Nematode
Partly resistant
Ring Nematode
Susceptible
Nematode Explanations
Bacterial Canker
Phytophthora
Susceptible
Armillaria
Susceptible
Crown Gall
Susceptible
Disease Explanations
Also reported to be susceptible to silver leaf disease and somewhat to verticillium wilt
Other Diseases
Availability from Nurseries
Propagation Methods
Can be propagated by softwood and hardwood cuttings. Now mostly propagated by micropropagation.
Summary Comments
Has been widely used in Europe because of its tolerance to calcareous soils. However, it has many drawbacks including susceptibility to most soil pests and diseases and it does not tolerate waterlogged soils.
References
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Viking
Other Names
Species
Complex Prunus hybrid that is reported to be 1/2 peach, 1/4 almond, 1/8 plum and 1/8 apricot
Origin
USA from Zaiger Genetics
Vigor
Standard
Vigor Explanation
Reported to be very vigorous, but California studies have shown it to be equal to Nemaguard.
Waterlogging Tolerance
Unknown
Waterlogging Explanation
Calcareous Soil Tolerance
Good
Compatibility with Peach and Nectarine
Good
Compatibility with Plum
Unknown
Suckering
Little or none
Explanations for calcareous soil tolerance - compatiblities - suckering
Drought Tolerance
Unknown
Anchorage
Good
Precocity
Precocious
Fruit Ripening
Unknown
Flower Timing
Unknown
Flower Density
Unknown
Cold Hardiness
No
Rootknot Nematode
Resistant or tolerant
Lesion Nematode
Partly resistant
Ring Nematode
Partly resistant
Nematode Explanations
Bacterial Canker
Resistant or tolerant
Phytophthora
Unknown
Armillaria
Unknown
Crown Gall
Unknown
Disease Explanations
Other Diseases
Availability from Nurseries
Propagation Methods
Hardwood cuttings
Summary Comments
A vigorous rootstock compatible with peach and nectarine that is one of the most resistant rootstocks to bacterial canker (Bacterial Canker Report 2006), even though it is not completely resistant to ring nematode. It is resistant to root-knot and partially resistant to lesion nematode (Nematode Table), similar to Nemaguard.
References
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