Coastal Weather Enhances Botrytis Crown Rot of Lettuce

The unusually cold, wet, and rainy weather during March through June 2011 has created conditions that favor the development of Botrytis crown rot of lettuce in several counties in coastal California. Botrytis crown rot, also known as gray mold, has resulted in stand loss and reduced yields in numerous fields.

Transplanted lettuce: Crown tissue on transplants in the field becomes brown to orange-brown in color and soft. The characteristic fuzzy gray sporulation of the pathogen is usually present on the affected crown tissue in contact with the soil. Botrytis crown rot causes transplanted lettuce to wilt, collapse, and eventually dry up and die. While still in trays and under greenhouse conditions, lettuce transplants can also become infected with gray mold; however, such infections are usually associated with old, overgrown transplants in which the older leaves have begun to age, turn yellow, and decline (senesce).

Direct seeded lettuce: Direct seeded lettuce can also succumb to Botrytis crown rot. Under most conditions such fields have lower disease incidence and the problem is less serious. However, in spring 2011 a number of direct seeded fields also experienced significant dieback from this disease.

Mature lettuce: Lettuce plants near maturity may appear healthy but develop crown rot close to harvest. Diseased plants will start to wilt, lower leaves turn yellow then brown, and the entire plant will collapse. Examination of the crown will show extensive gray sporulation and the soft, orange-brown decay. Such plants likely were infected earlier in the season and collapsed when the pathogen rotted a significant portion of the lettuce crown.

The pathogen. The causal agent of gray mold on lettuce is Botrytis cinerea. This fungus is a very common organism that readily grows as a saprobe on dead, declining plant tissue and organic matter. The characteristic fuzzy, velvety, grayish brown growth of the fungus can often be readily seen on diseased areas of the lettuce, especially on lettuce crowns in contact with soil and that may be shielded from the sun by overlying leaves. Black sclerotia (hard fungal resting structures measuring from 1/8 to 1/4 inch in diameter) may form on these diseased tissues, although some isolates produce few or no sclerotia. Sclerotia are usually dome-shaped or rounded and may appear similar to sclerotia produced by the species of Sclerotinia (S. sclerotiorum) that produces large sized resting structures. Botrytis cinerea of lettuce is the same pathogen that causes gray mold disease on grape, strawberry, tomato, ornamental plants, and many other crops.

Disease factors: Botrytis crown rot affects all types of lettuce: iceberg, butterhead, green leaf, red leaf, romaine. Botrytis cinerea most readily infects lettuce tissues that are damaged and exposed to moist, wet conditions. For this reason, Botrytis crown rot is most commonly seen on transplanted lettuce. The process of transplanting lettuce results in unavoidable, minor cracks and injuries to the transplant. If B. cinerea inoculum is lacking, such injuries are incidental and cause little concern. However, if the fungus is present then such wounds allow the pathogen to readily invade and colonize the plant crown. Because spring and early summer romaine is often transplanted, most Botrytis crown rot cases in 2011 involved romaine.

Diagnosis: Diagnosing gray mold will require careful examination. Overall plant wilting and collapsing symptoms caused by gray mold may look very similar to such symptoms caused by Sclerotinia minor (lettuce drop) and perhaps Phoma exigua (Phoma basal rot). Accurate diagnosis, therefore, requires careful examination of the crown and perhaps lab confirmation. Note that if rotted lettuce crowns are colonized by white fungal mycelium, the pathogen is likely Sclerotinia.

Control. Because B. cinerea initiates infection on damaged tissues, as much as possible minimize damage to lettuce that is caused by cultural practices, environmental extremes, or other pathogens and pests. Use transplants that are not too large and overly mature; older transplants are subject to additional leaf breakage and damage during planting, and hence are more susceptible to gray mold infection. Limit damage to lettuce transplants during the planting process, though it is not possible to prevent all injury. In the field, reduce leaf wetness by avoiding or reducing sprinkler irrigation. Schedule crop residue incorporation and soil preparation so that excessive plant residues are minimal at planting. It may be helpful to apply fungicides to protect plants from gray mold. However, if weather conditions strongly favor Botrytis crown rot, such applications may be limited in effectiveness. Before using any fungicide for the control of B. cinerea on lettuce, check product labels and your local Agricultural Commissioner's Office for use information and restrictions.