Grass Removal Methods

Removing lawn

Sonoma County Master Gardeners Cathy Williamson, Rosemary McCreary, Sandy Metzger and Steven Hightower contributed to this article-

The current drought situation has motivated people to replace their lawns with alternatives that use less water. Sounds great, but what is the best way to remove your lawn? Listed below are several ways to remove turfgrass. The one you choose will depend on how large your lawn is, how much manual labor you want to invest, how much you want to spend, and what you plan to do with the area after the grass is gone. And lastly, how big of a hurry you are in. Methods can be broken down into quick and slow. On the quick side, we have:

Herbicide
There are a number of herbicides that will kill turfgrass, but most are not substances that the Master Gardeners would endorse using, as they are residual and carry too much risk of eventually ending up in the water supply. Other choices, such as glyphosate (the active ingredient in widely available Roundup™), are much less residual, but this would be a very expensive way to remove your lawn. In short, we would not suggest using an herbicide for turf removal unless your lawn area was very small.

Physical removal

The fastest way to remove a lawn is to physically remove the sod by cutting it into strips with a sod cutter, rolling the strips up, and either taking them away or turning them over and letting them compost in place. The cut sod can be laid upside down in the middle of the area being removed, to create a mound, as fill in a low spot or to create a berm if needed elsewhere in the garden. Whether moving to a new spot, or composting in place, cover with a layer of newspaper (6-10 sheets thick, and overlapping) and 4-6 inches of compost, and lastly with 3-4 inches of mulch to decompose, create good soil, and prevent grass re-growing. (Note that if you leave the sod in place, or mound it, you're turning a quick method into a slower one.)

You can do the same thing in a small area with a flat shovel, but it is labor intensive—see Alan Chesterman's related essay this month. And for another master gardeners personal experiences with grass removal, see the end of this article.

Removing sod doesn't work if you have a persistent perennial lawn grass like Bermuda grass. Simply removing the sod on Bermuda guarantees that it will be back, since the roots go down for several feet, and it only takes an inch of root to grow it all back. In this case, the only way to get rid of the lawn is through solarization (or herbicides)—plus several months of waiting to be sure it's really gone.

The slower (but efficient and inexpensive) methods include:

Solarization
Technically, solarization is a method of soil sterilization using clear plastic, but a version, which might be called 'light exclusion' using black plastic, works for lawn removal. This method works best in areas with high summer temperatures, and should be done as spring is turning to summer. Cut the grass as short as possible and water well. Cover with large rolls of sturdy black polyethylene held in place by rocks or metal stakes. Cover the area, making sure it is airtight with no holes. The plastic sheets allow the sun's radiant energy to be trapped in the soil, heating the top 12 to 18 inches. When properly done, the top 6 inches of the soil will heat up to as high as 140°F, depending on the location. Leave in place for about 4--8 weeks—depending on how hot the weather is--until grass is dead. The high temperature may also kill some insects, plant diseases, nematodes and soil pathogens in the top layer of soil. Remove the plastic, and leave the dead grass to compost in place. This method also requires minimal labor and has minimal environmental impact. However, it takes a fair amount of time, must be done in hot weather and is unsightly.

Sheet composting
Cut the grass as short as possible. Cover the entire area with cardboard (either used boxes or purchased rolls) or newspaper (10-12 layers). Make sure that the edges overlap a goodly amount and no sunlight gets through the paper. Water paper, cover with a layer of compost, then mulch at least 4 inches thick. You can scatter grass and/or wildflower seeds in the compost if you're looking for a 'meadow' (before you apply the mulch). You can also cut holes in the paper to plant individual plants, or wait until the paper has decomposed and dig planting holes for your new plants. This method adds organic matter to soil, requires minimal labor, and does not require removal and disposal of turf. It also takes a fairly long time, and is not practical on steep slopes.

A variation on this theme is termed "lasagna gardening". Master Gardener and author Rosemary McCreary writes:

"In many cases, the lawn is the only open area that can absorb a new garden bed, but this may be the best place of all especially if you've been looking for a way to diminish the size of your lawn. Here's where the lasagna comparison enters the picture. The new planting site will be the resting spot of faded flowers and foliage of all types layered with kitchen scraps, fallen leaves, leftovers from the vegetable garden, and any other organics and soil you can scavenge."

The lasagna is essentially new soil created atop the lawn you wish to remove, consisting of layers of anything and everything you can find. Interleaving torn newspapers and cardboard with yard trimmings and clippings, kitchen scraps, bag-ends of potting soil, leaves, straw or hay—most anything organic creates it. Like compost, the lasagna should be roughly half "green" materials and half "brown".

McCreary continues: " Build your new bed up to 3 feet high in the center and let it slope a little lower toward the edges. Some recipes insist on a smattering of soil sprinkled on one or two layers of organics; others use a couple layers of manure to facilitate the breakdown of tough plant fibers."

Cover with a topping layer of compost and mulch, and water occasionally, if out of the rainy season (this method works best if done in the fall, taking advantage of winter rains, but can be done any time). Within six months "the new bed will have shrunk to half its height or less and will be ready for a final mulch coating after you finally set out all those plants that have been waiting for a permanent home," concludes McCreary.

Irrigation Conversion

Don't forget about your irrigation! Prior to starting on lawn removal, tag the sprinkler heads. Depending on the replacement planting, overhead sprinkling can be re-used—for example in the case of a natural meadow, or grass alternatives such as carex. Alternatively, the existing sprinkler locations can be converted to a drip irrigation system—if for example shrubs, natives, low-water or Mediterranean plants will be installed.

It is possible to use a combination of the above methods depending on your situation. For example you could remove small amount of sod near front door by hand so you can plant there right away, and light-exclude or apply sheet compost to a larger lawn area. But whichever method suits you, if you have areas of lawn that really aren't needed as lawn—start saving water, and money!

Master Gardener Sandy Metzger reports:

Regarding lawn removal. I've done it three ways:

Round-up
Sheet mulching
Renting sod removal equipment

Round-up works but sometimes you have to do it again, and then the dead lawn is still there. Frankly, I think it's a good idea to sheet- mulch right over top of it--helps to start the dead grass decomposition more quickly and works better to keep any sneaky, errant weeds down. So, you could skip the Round-up and go straight to sheet mulching.

Plus, when you sheet-mulch and add layers & layers of grass clippings, dead headings, etc. and lots of compost, maybe a layer of planting mix, you can plant into it right away.

The sod removal machine was effective. I used it for my rain garden because we had to remove several additional yards of the clay soil, haul in a lot of compost & then mix back in some of the native soil. It was an arduous process, and I see some little weeds beginning to emerge. And of course they would, because there were probably plenty of weed seeds still in the soil under the sod.

I've had several people in my workshops tell me they were just going to rototill their entire lawn. One I was able to dissuade, but the other went right ahead. He didn't quite understand that every little chopped up piece of crab grass was yet another new crab grass plant.

I've also had a number of people return to my workshops and verify that the sheet mulching worked great--they were nice testimonials that I hadn't counted on or planted! Just two weeks ago, one lady verified the whole process and loved it. That sure had a lot of traction with the audience.

Right now I've got a labyrinth in progress. Much of the soil I removed from the rain garden I used to make the labyrinth. I'm doing sheet-mulching this time plus grass clippings and compost--the lasagna thing--for the raised circles I'll be planting. However, I did give the pathway areas some shots of roundup. I will eventually put down either weed barrier or newspaper and pathway mulch. It's taking me a long time. I plan to use a lot of rocks too because it' would end up being too many plants.

I really do like the whole sheet mulching process. (Oh also, under the planting beds, to discourage gophers, I laid rolls of hardware cloth before doing the sheet mulching.) I make my own compost plus buy yards of Sonoma Compost's "Mallard Mulch" which is really a rich compost, but I guess they liked the alliteration. I use it both ways.

In the end, I suppose it depends upon the conditions and the size of the area of lawn one wants to remove. It does take time to collect the newspapers and/or cardboard. I like the sheet mulching/lasagna idea too because of the berms that can be built up with the various layers. It adds a different aspect to the area.