DAVIS--“Everybody likes bumble bees. As colorful and familiar visitors to flowers, these insects have long been appreciated by artists, naturalists and farmers.”

So begins the introductory chapter in the newly published book, Bumble Bees of North America: an Identification Guide (Princeton University Press, 2014).

Described as a  comprehensive guide to North American bumble bees, it's the first publication of its kind in more than a century. 

Co-author Robbin Thorp, a native pollinator specialist and emeritus professor of entomology at the University of California, Davis, says bumble bees have been around for more than 100 million years but their distribution and diversity are not well known. Bumble bees are just one of the some 20,000 species of bees that populate the world. Of that number, however, only about 250 species are bumble bees, and they all belong to the genus Bombus.

Some 46 different species of bumble bees reside in North America, north of Mexico, Thorp said.

In their book, lead author Paul Williams and co-authors Thorp, Leif Richardson and Sheila Colla provide detailed information about bumble bees and their history, plant favorites, distribution maps, up-to-date taxonomy, and extensive keys to identify the many color patterns of the species.

The book is drawing accolades. “A better team of scientists couldn't have written this amazing new book on bumble bees,” said Stephen Buchmann of the University of Arizona. “Readers will want to get out and find bumble bees, observe them, and learn what they can do to conserve them.”

Like many pollinators, bumble bees are in trouble as their habitat decreases and their health issues increase, Thorp said.

Wrote the co-authors: “Bumble bees have specific habitat requirements for nesting and overwintering, and a third aspect of habitat, forage, is even more important."

They list sites to spot bumble bees:

• farms and gardens with a diversity of flowering crops and herbs
• hay fields
• roadside ditches
• windbreaks with good abundance and diversity of “weedy” flowering plants, such as clovers and vetches
• wetlands and wet meadows
• hardwood forests
• mountain meadows, and
• urban parks and gardens

UC Davis campus and the surrounding Yolo County are not a real hot bed for bumble bee diversity,” Thorp said.  “There are six species that have been recorded from the county, and one that's rarely seen.”  

The primary species found in Yolo County are:

• Yellow-faced bumble bee, now known as the Vosnesensky bumble bee, Bombus vosnesenskii
• Yellow bumble bee, Bombus californicus, now known as Bombus fervidus
• Black-tailed bumble bee,   Bombus melanopygus, formerly known as Bombus edwardsii. This is the first to fly in the winter and spring.
• Crotch bumble bee,  Bombus crotchii, a short-tongued species
• Van Dyke bumble bee, Bombus vandykei, a medium long-tongued species

Two other species are uncommon in Yolo.  “Bombus pensylvanicus (sonorus) which used to be common here, declined drastically by the year 2000,” Thorp said. “I know of only a couple of records of it since 2000--in 2003 and 2006.” Not seen in the last decade: the Western bumble bee, Bombus occidentalis.

A bumble bee that Thorp has been trying to find for nine years is also included in the book: Franklin bumble bee, Bombus franklini.  Its known distribution is a small geographic range in southern Oregon and northern California. The species declined sharply in 1999 and is feared extinct. Thorp last saw it in 2006.

Thorp, who joined the UC Davis faculty in 1964, retired in 1994 but continues to maintain his bee research, based at the Harry H. Laidlaw Jr. Honey Bee Research Facility on Bee Biology Road.  His research involves the role of native bees in crop pollination, the role of urban gardens as bee habitat, and declines in native bumble bee populations. He is also heavily involved with the Jepson Prairie Reserve, researching the specialist bees in the vernal pool ecosystems. 

A fellow of the California Academy of Sciences and an E. A. Dickson Emeritus Professor, Thorp co-teaches The Bee Course, offered annually through the American Museum of Natural History, New York, at its Southwest Research Station, Portal, Ariz.  

Thorp and other colleagues have another book coming out in October 2014.  He and UC Berkeley entomologist Gordon Frankie teamed with entomologist/insect photographer Rollin Coville of the Bay Area and botanist Barbara Ertter of UC Berkeley to produce California Bees and Blooms: A Guide for Gardeners and Naturalists, published by Heyday. 

Thorp and Coville, along with bumble bee enthusiast Gary Zamzow of Davis and UC Davis communication specialist Kathy Keatley Garvey, were among the more than 60 photographers providing photos for the book.

“Bumble bees are gentle and charming creatures,” said Zamzow, who photographs bumble bees on travels throughout the country. “They're fun to watch and photograph. The best way to find bumble bees is to look for flowering plants. When photographing bumble bees, try to photograph as many views of the bumble bee as possible—front and back.” 

DAVIS--There aren't many medical entomologists who have done what William “Bill” Reisen has done or what he will do. 

Internationally known for his mosquito research and publications spanning more than four decades, Bill Reisen officially retired in July from the University of California, Davis, but mosquitoes shouldn't breathe a collective sigh of relief and go about their blood-sucking business. 

Reisen, now a professor emeritus with the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (PMI), School of Veterinary Medicine, vows to continue his mosquito research; manage the vector-borne disease surveillance diagnostics lab; advise graduate students in the School of Veterinary Medicine; mentor several new PMI faculty members; direct the Center for Vectorborne Diseases (CVEC) and edit the Journal of Medical Entomology. In between, he and his wife Norma will travel throughout the United States and Europe and to their mango farm in the Philippines. 

And along the way, he'll probably encounter the 10 species mosquitoes that he developed a close and personal relationship with--“skeeters” that transmit diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis and West Nile virus.  

While other people count sheep to go to sleep, Reisen probably counts mosquitoes at his current or former research sites:

Pakistan? Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles culicifacies

Nepal? Anopheles fluviatilis and Anopheles maculatus

California? Culex tarsalis, Culex pipiens complex, Culex stigmatosoma, Aedes dorsalis and Aedes melanimon 

Meanwhile, the accolades flow. 

"Bill Reisen is an international leader in mosquito ecology and arbovirus epidemiology,” said Professor Thomas Scott of the UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology and a worldwide expert on the dengue mosquito. “His contributions to his field of study are stunning.  His prolific, detailed field and laboratory studies have reshaped the way we think about mosquito-borne pathogen transmission dynamics.  He has greatly improved disease prevention programs.” 

 “And,” Scott added, “he is a genuinely good person.  For those of us fortunate enough to have worked with him, Bill is recognized for the exceptional rigor of his science and uniquely high quality of his character." 

Colleague Bruce Eldridge, emeritus professor of entomology at UC Davis, described Reisen as “the hardest working and most dedicated entomologist I have ever had the pleasure of working with.  Nearly everything he does has a definite purpose, and the results of his research have improved substantially our ability to protect people from vectorborne diseases both here in California and elsewhere in the world.” 

“He has also instilled these principles of hard work and concentration on important subjects to study in a long list of graduate students, post-doctoral researchers, and other visiting scientists. People go to Bill all the time for advice and other kinds of help.  He never says no. He is a remarkable individual, and I know he won't quit doing the things he does just because he is retiring.” 

Reisen is the newly selected editor-in-chief of the Journal of Medical Entomology, published by Entomological Society of America (ESA). He had earlier served as a co-editor from 1988 to 2000 and subject editor since 2000.  The journal, published bimonthly, focuses on all phases of medical and veterinary entomology and acarology, including the systematics and biology of insects, acarines (mites and ticks), and other arthropods of public health and veterinary significance. In addition, Reisen has served as a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Science and Climatic Change, since 2010 and Vectorborne and Zoonotic Diseases since its inception. 

A native of New Jersey, Reisen holds a doctorate in zoology (1974) from the University of Oklahoma, Norman, with a focus on medical microbiology and ecology.

Young Bill began his academic career as an undergraduate in entomology at the University of Delaware in 1963 and as a research assistant with Clemson University in 1967, monitoring organochloride insecticide residues in fish and aquatic insects. As a teaching assistant at Clemson, he taught animal ecology in 1968 and continued his research on stream ecology and fish-feeding behavior. 

Reisen served as a captain in the U.S. Air Force from 1969 to 1971. He was assigned to the 5th Epidemiological Flight, Manila and 1st Medical Service Wing, Clark Air Base,  Republic of the Philippines. His duties included vector-borne disease surveillance and control programs on USAF Bases in Pacific Air Command, which took him on  temporary duty to Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Okinawa, Thailand, Guam and Hawaii. 

Reisen resumed his academic career from 1971 to 1974 when he taught entomology, zoology, ecology and parasitology courses as a teaching assistant at the University of Oklahoma. He then worked as a research associate from 1974 to 1975 at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, where he did research on a malaria mosquito, Anopheles stephensi, and assisted David Clyde during the first malaria vaccine trials in humans. 

In 1975 Reisen was assigned to the University of Maryland School of Medicine's Pakistan Medical Research Center in Lahore, Pakistan, where he served as an assistant professor of international medicine from 1975 to 1980 and headed the Ecology Department. His research involved population ecology and the bionomics of Pakistani mosquitoes and their relation to pathogen transmission and field trials related to genetic control of mosquitoes. 

Reisen moved to California in 1980 to become research entomologist and director of the Arbovirus Field Station of the UC Berkeley School of Public Health in Bakersfield. “I worked on population ecology, bionomics, genetics and vector competence of Culex tarsalis in relation to arbovirus ecology and control in California until 1995,” he said. The program later transferred to the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine in 1996 and CVEC was born.  

Reisen remained in Bakersfield until 2005 when he moved to the UC Davis campus and later became director of CVEC in September 2009 and a PMI adjunct professor in 2005.  With the Arbovirus Research Program, he continues to focus his work not only on mosquitoes but people. He has supervised up to two postdoctoral students, four Ph.D. students, one associate specialist entomologist, a computer programmer, four staff research associates, two laboratory assistants and two undergraduate student assistants.  

“My career can be divided into three phases: (1) education/learning, (2) field research and (3) advising and mentoring,” Reisen said.  “Graduate training at Clemson and Oklahoma and my U.S. Air Force assignments in southeast Asia and my position in Pakistan provided a great introduction to how to do field studies and work in remote areas with minimal equipment and support.  This training was applied during the 25 years in Bakersfield where we did everything from genetic control trials to host and vector competence studies with several arboviruses.” 

“This training and work experience managing integrated field research programs gave me insight on how to mentor graduate students and new faculty, the final phase of my career,” Reisen noted. “The latter experience expanded our research breadth and improved our program immeasurably as I got to know some very bright and engaging students.  Throughout my career I was very fortunate to be supported by excellent laboratory and field staff which formed the cornerstone of our NIH-funded research programs.”   

Highly honored by his peers, Reisen has received national and international honors that include:

• Lifetime Award for Achievement in Medical Entomology, Society for Vector Ecology, presented at the International Congress, 2001.
• Fellow, Entomological Society of America, 2003.
• Academic Federation Award for Excellence in Research, UC Davis, 2004.
• John N. Belkin Award for Excellence in Vector Ecology, American Mosquito Control Association, 2006
• Distinguished Service Award, Society for Vector Ecology, 2006
• Harry Hoogstraal Medal, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2012 

Reisen is a past president of the Society for Vector Ecology and chaired the ESA's D Section and the Publications Council.  He also chaired a number of subcommittees, including the Disease Control Subcommittee, of the California Mosquito and Vector Control Association, and headed the Vector Control Advisory Committee of the California Department of Health Services (CDHC), among other leadership activities. 

Reisen's work includes 297 peer-reviewed research publications, plus book chapters.

Since 1984, Reisen has guided seven Ph.D. and postdoctoral students: Mark Eberle, UC Berkeley School of Public Health, and Carrie Nielsen, Christopher Barker, Jennifer Kwan, Gabriella Worwa, Tara Thiemann and Sarah Wheeler, UC Davis. He currently serves as the major professor for two graduate students in Comparative Pathology: Veronica Armijos[rev1] , also manager of the Thomas Scott lab in the Department of Entomology and Nematology, and Andra Hutton.

Chris Barker, now an assistant adjunct professor with PMI and CVEC, said that Reisen is “known to virtually everyone who has spent much time studying mosquitoes or the viruses they transmit.” 

“Bill has had a very productive and well-documented career represented in his 297 peer-reviewed scientific papers,” Barker said. “His lasting enthusiasm for his work, good humor, and uncommon humility have been an inspiration to all of his colleagues, especially the students and staff who have had the good fortune to be a part of his research program. One unique aspect of Bill's career is that he spent over 30 years in the field and at the lab bench in contact with mosquitoes almost daily, which is increasingly rare in today's world of digital data collection. It is safe to say that Bill will not quit upon retirement, and his intellectual input and wealth of experience will continue to be valued for years to come.”

Sarah Wheeler participated in the “West Nile virus period” of Reisen's career-- first as a technician, then as a PhD student, and finally, as a post-doctoral scholar. “During the West Nile period Bill facilitated and conducted a body of work leading to the understanding of West Nile virus transmission and overwintering in California. Bill's dedication to the field of arbovirology and fierce work ethic inspired me to follow in his footsteps, and along the way he shaped my approach to science through his lead by example style. Bill has been a fabulous mentor and I am unendingly grateful I took his original job offer that sent me out into the middle of nowhere, but opened upon the world of arbovirology.”

Said Reisen: “Although we did spend a lot of time collecting mosquitoes, we also had a large bird program where we collected, bled and tested more than 85,000 wild bird sera for arbovirus infection and did a host of experimental infection studies with birds ranging from house finch nestlings to adult mallard ducks and black-crowned night herons.”

Robert Washino, emeritus professor and former chair of the UC Davis Department of Entomology and a former administrator with the UC Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, lauded Reisen's career.

“Bill has had a very colorful career in medical entomology,” said Washino.  He remembers visiting his laboratory at the School of Medicine, Lahore, Pakistan “in another lifetime.” 

“Bill's work on several important malaria anopheline vectors in that country constituted important contributions and also included studies on Culex tritaeniorhynchus, the vector of Japanese Encephalitis virus, somewhat comparable to Culex tarsalis, the vector of several arboviruses in the western U.S.,” Washino said. 

“Bill will forever be remembered as the continuing lead investigator of the important W. C. Reeves, UC Berkeley arbovirus program in California,” Washino said. He praised Reisen's collaborative work with the California Department of Public Health and local regulatory agencies of the Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California.

As for Bill Reisen, “the retiree,” he says he's looking forward to continuing his myriad of mosquito-related activities “to finish up my career and help protect the health of the citizens of California.”

“My final objective,” he said, in typical Reisen humor, “is to learn to play bogey golf.” 

Triclosan: to use or not to use? 

The controversial antibacterial chemical is grabbing nationwide attention with the recent cover story of “Triclosan Under the Microsope” in Chemical Engineering News. The article quotes Bruce Hammock, a UC Davis distinguished professor who holds a joint appointment in the Department of Entomology and Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center.

“I'm getting love notes and hate mail,” he said, adding "“My colleagues and I are continuing to look at the positive and negative aspects of triclosan. It clearly has some negative effects on mammalian biology, but it is a very potent microbial and quite inexpensive, and relatively safe.”

Triclosan, first used in healthcare settings in the 1960s, is now found in products throughout the home—in everything from hand sanitizers, toothpastes, mouthwashes, deodorants and cosmetics to beddings, clothes, toys, carpets and trash bags. 

Last month Minnesota became the first state to ban the ingredient in soaps and cleaning products. Other states concerned about the chemical's effects on human and environmental health may follow. 

Hammock said that he and UC Davis colleagues molecular biologist David Mills and chemist Bruce German are now looking at the effects on gut bacteria.

“And, with Bob Tukey at UC San Diego, we are looking at enzyme induction in mammals and possible health risks,” Hammock said. Tukey, professor of pharmacology and chemistry and biochemistry, directs the UCSD Superfund Basic Research Program, while Hammock directs the UC Davis Superfund Program.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1998 estimated that the U.S. produces more than 1 million pounds of triclosan annually, and that scientists can detect the chemical in waterways, aquatic organisms, and in human urine, blood and breast milk.

Concern over the controversial compound is swirling with the June 23rd publication of “Triclosan Under the Microscope.” 

Hammock told author Jyllian Kemsley that when medical providers first started using triclosan as a surgical scrub, “it replaced some really scary compounds.”  

He said that “Triclosan is much less toxic, more effective, and more biodegradable” than hexachlorophene and other common biocides of the time.

Wrote Kemsley: “But then triclosan made its way out of the operating room and into mass consumer products.  In that context, its toxicity profile and environmental lifetime make the cost-benefit analysis murkier.”

 “To me that doesn't say rush out and ban it,” Hammock told her, advocating careful consideration for mass use. He said washing hands with plain soap and water will likely fit most needs. Triclosan is a very effective anti-microbial but probably it is overused in many cases. 

Kemsley wrote that some people may be more susceptible to harm, “such as those with genetic variations that reduce their ability to metabolize triclosan, leaving them with higher blood concentrations.” Some scientists worry if the toxicity level is worth it to reduce disease and also whether it promotes drug resistance. 

Kemsley drew attention to the 2012 UC Davis study that shows that triclosan hinders cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction in mice and fish. The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) and authored by a 13-member research team headed by Isaac Pessah and Nipavan Chiamvimonvat of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Hammock, found that triclosan hinders muscle contractions at a cellular level, slows swimming in fish and reduces muscular strength in mice.

 “The effects of triclosan on cardiac function were really dramatic,” Chiamvimonvat, professor of cardiovascular medicine, related following the PNAS  publication.  “Although triclosan is not regulated as a drug, this compound acts like a potent cardiac depressant when administered at high doses in our models.”