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January

Maintenance

Keep an eye on the weather report - protect frost-tender plants when the temperature falls below 32 degrees.
Divide perennials like daylilies and chrysanthemums. Prune crepe myrtles, cane berries, and roses, and clean-up trimmings.
Prune plum, pluot, apple, and pear trees 15-20%; cherries 10%; and peaches 50%.
Mulch, water, and cover tender plants to protect from frost. Be sure to remove coverings during the day.
Since flowers are scarce in most gardens now, it’s important to keep your feeder filled; clean and refill it every few days.

Fertilize

Fertilize roses when new growth appears.
Feed annuals with a complete fertilizer once a month or fish emulsion every two weeks.

Spray

To smother overwintering insect eggs and pest such as aphids and mites, and scale, spray deciduous flowering and fruit trees as well as roses with dormant oil after the leaves have fallen. Make sure the weather will provide 24 hrs. for the spray to dry.
Apply neem oil or potassium bicarbonate to roses to control black spot, mildew and rust.

What to Plant in January

Trees, shrubs, perennials

Bare-root deciduous shrubs and trees are available now.
Plant your living Christmas tree.

Flowers

Plant your bare-root roses.
Continue to plant tulips, narcissus, daffodil, and hyacinths for a longer show of blooms in the spring.

Vegetables

Late this month nurseries begin selling bare-root artichokes, asparagus, berries, grapes, kiwifruit, horseradish, and rhubarb. Buy and plant early in the month while roots are still fresh. If the soil is too wet to plant, temporarily cover the roots with moistened mulch to keep them from drying out.
Plant seeds for cabbage, chard, broccoli, cauliflower, and spring lettuce in a cold frame or in the greenhouse.

Lawns

If rains haven’t come, irrigate lawn once or twice this month.

Cover Crops

Cover crops like Fava beans can be planted if not planted earlier.

February

Maintenance

Above 2,000 ft: prune deciduous fruit trees, cane berries
Below 2,000 ft: prune grapes, roses, crepe myrtle. Paint trunks of bareroot and young fruit trees to prevent borers and protect from sunburn. Use interior white latex paint with equal amounts of water and apply generously.
Control earwigs and sow bugs with bait or traps.
Remove and discard old flowers from azaleas and camellias to reduce petal blight.
Divide asters, lilies, perennial phlox, chrysanthemums.

Fertilize

Daphne after bloom.
Asparagus and strawberries.
Cane berries: split yearly recommended amount into three applications, just before new growth, mid-spring and mid-summer.
Feed mature bloomers and fall-planted perennials with a slow-release fertilizer.

Spray

Apply pre-emergent for invasive Yellow Starthistle
All fruit and nut trees: Check IPM for safe and effective sprays if not done in January and before bud swell.
Apricot trees with a fungicide containing copper to prevent brown rot. Spray at bud swell, full bloom, and petal fall.
Check the garden for fungus. Spray with sulfur or copper if needed.

What to Plant in February

Trees, shrubs, perennials

Bare-root deciduous shrubs and trees are available now.
Roses, grapes, blackberries, raspberries, rhubarb, strawberries, asparagus, chives, onion sets, green onion plants.
Below 2,000 ft: shallots, lettuce, parsley, cabbage family.

Flowers

Lobelia, verbena, vinca rosea, catharanthus. Start begonia tubers.

Vegetables

Lettuce
Below 2,000 ft: peppers, tomatoes
Above 2,000 ft: early varieties of cabbage family.

Lawns

If rains haven’t come, irrigate lawn once or twice this month.

Cover Crops

Cover crops like Fava beans can be planted if not planted earlier.

March

Maintenance

Prune grapes and roses.
Cleanup: remove mummy fruit and blighted limbs on stone fruit to reduce brown rot. Remove and destroy fallen leaves to reduce peach leaf curl.
Mulch cane berries, cut out all old canes and reset new canes in twine.
Cultivate and pull weeds now!
If weather permits, prepare beds for planting by spading in compost an soil amendments.
Check irrigation system and perform maintenance as needed.
Divide and replant herbs.

Fertilize

Cane berries, strawberries and strawberries.
Deciduous fruit and young shade trees at first sign f leaves, young conifers, cool season grass and roses.
Kiwis (give 2/3 of recommended annual PNK, 1/3 in May).
Citrus are heavy nitrogen feeders. Mature trees need 1 ½ lbs. N per year. Divide this amount by 4 and apply each quarter one month apart for 4 months, beginning in March.
Daphne and camellia with NPK bloom.
All shrubs except newly planted. Wait until after bloom for azaleas and rhododendrons.

Spray

All fruit, nuts, roses with 50% wettable copper powder.
Stone fruits: fixed copper when buds are swollen and starting to show first color to control brown rot, peach leaf curl, pseudomonas, blossom and canker infections. Also use Roural or Benlate if wet conditions prevail and if mummies have been a problem.
Apples: for apple scab use Capton, Benlate, Rubigan or Rally when apple buds first show signs of green and repeat spray every 10 days until bloom where scab is a problem. In many cases this treatment may be combined with February insect controls. (note: Rubigan and Rally are expensive).
Check roses for black spot, mildew and rust and spray if needed.
Watch for early signs of powdery mildew on grapes, roses and ornamentals. Treat at 2-4” of growth if needed. Apply sulfer or potassium bicarbonate when temperature is below 90 degrees.
Check roses for aphids; control with a strong spray of water or insecticidal soap.

What to Plant in March

Trees, shrubs, perennials

Container roses, shrubs and trees.
Grapes, cane berries, rhubarb.

Flowers

Below 2,000 ft: Canterbury Bells, Forget-Me-Nots, Foxglove, Pansies, Primula and other available perennials.
Above 2,000 ft: you can still plant flowering Sweet Pea seeds – now!

Vegetables

From seed : radish, lettuce, chard, snap beans.
Greenhouse or Cold Frame: Hardy annuals from seed such as delphinium, nemesia, matthiola (stock). Below 2,000 ft: eggplant, peppers, tomatoes, all melons and squash family. Above 2,000 ft: lettuce, cabbage family.

Lawns

Seed and renovate lawns

April

Maintenance

Pinch chrysanthemums back to 6 inches every month through July.
Trim dead flowers but not leaves, from spring bulbs.
Mulch cane berries, cut out all old canes and reset new canes in twine.
Cultivate and pull weed seedling now to prevent bloom.
Check irrigation system and perform maintenance as needed.
Check hoses as needed for fire protection.
Prune apples, pears, any shoot tips with powdery mildew or fireblight; azaleas, rhododendrons, flowering fruit trees after bloom if needed, spring flowering shrubs, frost-damaged growth.
Mow or cultivate grass around orchards to discourage thrips and plant bugs. Best time for cleft graphing.
Control slugs, snails and earwigs with traps or barriers.
Thoroughly clean debris from ponds, fountains and bird baths.

Fertilize

Deciduous fruit trees and young shade trees at first leaves if not done in March.
Azaleas, rhododendrons after flowering.
Apply chelated iron to azaleas, gardenias and camellias if leaves are yellowing between the veins.
Cool season turf grass.
Cane berries, strawberries and strawberries
Citrus are heavy nitrogen feeders. Mature trees need 1 ½ lbs. N per year. Divide this amount by 4 and apply each quarter one month apart for 4 months, beginning in March.
Fertilize shrubs and trees once during spring with slow-release fertilizer.
Fertilize bulbs after bloom.

Spray

Pears, except Comice – weak copper spray when in bloom, one to three applications for fireblight.
Stone fruit (below 2,000 ft) – Benlate, Capton, Rubigan or Rally if rainy. Wet weathers favors brown rot.
Stone fruit (above 2,000 ft) - fixed copper when buds are swollen and starting to show first color to control brown rot, peach leaf curl, pseudomonas, blossom and canker infections.
Grapes – treat with sulfur or other fungicide when shoots are 2” to 6” long. Continue every 7-10 days until fruit start to color.
Apples (above 2,000 ft) - for apple scab use Capton, Benlate, Rubigan or Rally when apple buds first show signs of green and repeat spray every 10 days until bloom where scab is a problem. In many cases this treatment may be combined with February insect controls. (note: Rubigan and Rally are expensive).
Check roses for black spot, mildew and rust and spray if needed
Check roses for aphids; control with a strong spray of water or insecticidal soap.

What to Plant in April

Plant Seed

Beets carrots, Chinese cabbage, lettuce, radish, turnips
Below 2,000 ft: corn, lima beans, melons, potatoes, pumpkins, snap beans, summer squash, winter squash (marginal – only if weather has warmed). Marigold, zinnia, sunflower (if weather is warm), alyssum.

Plant Seed - Greenhouse or Cold Frame

Above 2,000 ft: melons, peppers, pumpkins, summer squash, tomatoes. Marigold, zinnia

Set out Plants

Gladiolus
Below 2,000 ft: parsley, peppers, strawberries, melons, squash tomatoes, citrus, dahlias.
Above 2,000 ft: cabbage family, parsley, strawberries.

Flowers

Last chance to plant pansies, violas and primroses.
Make a last planting of summer bulbs.
Set out perennials.
Many annuals may be seeds at elevations up to 1,500 ft.

Vegetables

Transplant tomatoes, eggplant and peppers as temperatures warm.
At cooler elevations, transplant lettuce cabbage family, collards and kale.
After danger of frost, plant cilantro and two week intervals for a steady supply.

Lawns

Seed and renovate lawns

Trees and Shrubs

Last chance for planting citrus trees.
Weather permitting, frost-tender plants can go outside now.

May

Maintenance

Set out traps for earwigs, slugs, and whiteflies.
Thin pit fruits at or before pit hardening.
Thin apples when ½” diameter.
Mow grass or cultivate soil around orchard to discourage thrips and plant bugs.
Mulch around plants to control weeds and conserve moisture. Be sure to leave a small circle of bare soil around the base of each plant.
Deep water trees and shrubs. Build water basins, but do not allow water to stand against the trunks.
Prepare dahlia bed with rich soil.
For continued bloom, cut off spent flowers.
Hang strips of foil or CD’s in fruit trees to help deter birds.
As spring=flowering shrubs finish blooming, prune to shape, removing old and dead wood.
Trim hedges; lightly trim azaleas, fuchsias, bushier plants.
Thoroughly clean debris from ponds, fountains and bird baths.

Fertilize

Strawberries (end of May).
Young fruit trees, if missed in April.
Cane berries after harvest.
Rhododendron after bloom.
Cool season turf grass.
Roses at bloom start.
Citrus
If you did not use slow release fertilizer for summer bloomers. Give them a feeding now.
Fertilize vegetables monthly.
Feed indoor plants with slow release fertilizer.

Spray

For codling moth control, attach 4” corrugated cardboard bands around tree trunks in early May; in late May or early June remove and destroy bands to kill the larvae and pupae found in the cardboard.
Check for citrus scale and control with horticultural oil. Encourage natural enemies and protect trees from ants.
Continue application of sulfur or other fungicide to grapes if damp weather persists.
If needed, apply Tanglefoot around tree trunks to deter ants and other crawling insects.
Check roses for black spot, mildew and rust and spray if needed
Check roses for aphids; control with a strong spray of water or insecticidal soap.

Note: all the effective insecticidal sprays kill bees and other beneficial. Do not spray while trees are in bloom.

What to Plant in May

Plant Seed

Beans, beets, carrots, corn, cucumber, melons, okra, parsley, parsnip, peppers, pumpkins, radish, all squash, tomatoes.
Annuals
Cannas, lilies, tuberous begonias.

Plant Seed - Greenhouse or Cold Frame

Time for house cleaning.

Set out Plants

Eggplant, herbs, parsley, peppers, tomatoes, all vine crops.

Flowers

Marigolds, zinnias, snapdragons, sunflowers, hollyhock, dahlias, lobelia, salvia, cosmos.

Vegetables

Transplant tomatoes, eggplant and peppers as temperatures warm.
At cooler elevations, transplant lettuce cabbage family, collards and kale.
Plant cilantro and two week intervals for a steady supply.

June

Maintenance

Watering and pest control are top of the "To Do" list.
Water after midnight and before 10am to reduce the chance of fungal infection and to conserve moisture.
Pinch off the top pair of leaves on all chrysanthemum shoots longer than 5" to keep plants bushy and produce more flowers.
Cut spent berry canes to the ground; tie up and fertilize new canes.
Cut canna stems to the ground as they finish flowering; new stems will continue to appear.
Prune fruit bushes again.
Harvest vegetables promptly to encourage continued production.
Dig and divide over-crowded irises and bulbs when the foliage dies off.
Remove spent flowers of daylilies, roses, and other bloomers a they finish flowering.
Fertilize roses.
Cut back lavender after flowering to promote a second bloom.
Trim faded crape myrtle flowers for more fall bloom.
Pick up dropped fruit to prevent brown rot. Clean around trees.
Spray off aphids with water or use insecticidal soap.
Pull weeds when they first appear.

What to Plant in June

Flowers: Direct seed annuals, such as alyssum, celosia, sunflower, zinnias, and marigolds.

Vegetables: At higher, cooler elevations, direct seed summer squash, bush beans, summer savory, and kohlrabi.

If fruit isn't setting on your melons and squash, use a soft brush to hand-pollinate the flowers and increase production. Use the brush to gather pollen from male flowers, then brush it onto the female flower. (Female flowers have a tiny embryo friut at the base of their petals.)

July

Maintenance

Watering and pest control are top of the "To Do" list.
Water after midnight and before 10am to reduce the chance of fungal infection and to conserve moisture.
Pinch off the top pair of leaves on all chrysanthemum shoots longer than 5" to keep plants bushy and produce more flowers.
Cut spent berry canes to the ground; tie up and fertilize new canes.
Cut canna stems to the ground as they finish flowering; new stems will continue to appear.
Prune fruit bushes again.
Harvest vegetables promptly to encourage continued production.
Dig and divide over-crowded irises and bulbs when the foliage dies off.
Remove spent flowers of daylilies, roses, and other bloomers a they finish flowering.
Fertilize roses.
Cut back lavender after flowering to promote a second bloom.
Trim faded crape myrtle flowers for more fall bloom.
Pick up dropped fruit to prevent brown rot. Clean around trees.
Spray off aphids with water or use insecticidal soap.
Pull weeds when they first appear.

What to Plant in July

Flowers: Direct seed annuals, such as alyssum, celosia, sunflower, zinnias, and marigolds.

Vegetables: At higher, cooler elevations, direct seed summer squash, bush beans, summer savory, and kohlrabi.

If fruit isn't setting on your melons and squash, use a soft brush to hand-pollinate the flowers and increase production. Use the brush to gather pollen from male flowers, then brush it onto the female flower. (Female flowers have a tiny embryo friut at the base of their petals.)

August

Maintenance

Continue mulching to conserve soil moisture and control weeds.
Keep harvesting vegetables for continued production.
Do the final pruning of summer for fruit bushes.
Prune apricots to avoid Eutypa fundus. Remove about 20% of this year's growth.
To prevent the spread of brown rot, clean up debris around fruit trees and pick up dropped fruit.
Control salt build-up on indoor plants; hose off the leaves and flush the soil with ample water.
Attach bands of corrugated cardboard aorund apple tree trunks to trap codling moth larvae.

Fertilize

Camellias, azaleas, and gardenias with chelated iron if there is yellowing between the leaf veins.
Indoor plants
Strawberries
Mature fruit trees (after picking fruit) with Nitrogen and water
Roses, six weeks after last application
Last feeding of the year for citrus and avocados
Chrysanthemums (until the buds start to open)
Begonias, fuchsias, annuals and container plants

Spray

Walnuts for husk fly
Pears and apples: check instructions to be sure pre-harvest intervals are strictly observed

Flowers:

Seed winter annuals this month.
Sow seeds of perennials in flats or pots for transplanting in October.
Try thrift, yarrow, coneflower and salvia.

Vegetables:

In a cool location indoors, start seeds of cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, bunching onion, and radicchio for over-wintering.
Direct seed oriental greens, beets, carrots, lettuce, turnips, Florence fennel, mustard, radish, rutabaga, spinich, and leeks.

September

Compost disease-free annuals and vegetable crops that have finished producing.
Cultivate and add compost to the soil for fall and winter vegetables and annuals.
Dig, divide, and replant overgrown perennials as they finish blooming.
Weed and amend beds before replanting.
If not purchased pre-chilled, put tuilip, narcissus, and hyacinth bulbs in the refrigerator for 6 weeks prior to planting.
Sow native bunch grass seed on bare slopes to prevent erosion.
Mulch cane berries.
Consider extending vegetable season with floating row cover, mulch, or plastic domes. (Gallon milk containers with the bottom removed work well.)

Fertilize

Mature fruit trees
Young conifers, but not those over two years old
Chrysanthemums

Spray

Table grapes for powdery mildew

Flowers:

Sow seeds for columbine, lupine, California poppy.
Divide and replant perennials.
Transplant cool-weather annuals such as violas, pansies, fairy primroses, calendulas, cyclamen, stock, and snapdragons.
Divide and replant bulbs and rhizomes.

Vegetables:

Transplant cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and kale.
Direct seed beets, bok choy, spinach, lettuce, peas, radishes, carrots, chard, parsley, and cilantro.

Lawns:

This is the ideal time to sow a new lawn or reseed bare spots.
Think about reducing the size of your lawn to conserve resources.

Cover Crops:

Seed for erosion control on slopes.
Plant clover or fava beans to improve soil structure in your vegetable garden.

October

Clean out flower and vegetable gardens to discourage diseases and pests from overwintering in your beds.
Rake leaves from ditches to make way for the rain that's coming.
Re-program drip system timers for cooler weather and rain.
Update your garden journal, noting what worked and what didn't work. Look around at the fall color you might want to plant for next year
Mulch or mow leaves on your lawn and add to your compost pile - either an existing one or a new one.
Apply a thick layer of compost to enrich your soil for spring planting.
Apply mulch to bulbs and tubers left in the ground.
Deadhead spent flowers.
Lift tuberous begonias.
Divide lilies.
Cut back and divide spent perennial phlox asters.
Cover compost bins with plastic tarps once the rains begin.
Clean out bird houses and bird feeders.
Cut old berry canes and tie the new canes to support wires. It's easy to identify the old canes now - they're turning brown.
Finish pruning any fruit trees after the last fruit is removed.

Fertilize

Established lawns
Indoor plants
Persimmons and pomegranates before dormancy
Chrysanthemums

Spray

First dormant spray of stone fruits when leaves fall.
Citrus with copper for brown rot. Pay special attention to lower branches and ground under tree.
Cane berries with copper before winter rains.

Trees, shrubs, perennials

October and November are the bestmonths to plant.
Acorns for new oak trees. Acorns do best with 30 days cold treatment.
Install drought tolerant shrubs and perennials such as barberry, ceanothus, dogwood, iris, fremontia, manzanita, Oregon grape, penstemon, redbud, rockrose, smoke tree, toyon.
Plant spring bulbs! You have about 2 months to get them in the ground.

Flowers

Direct seed cornflower, nasturtium, nigella, poppy, lupine, columbine, sweet pea, garden pea, and stock.
Above 2,000 ft: direct seed crocus, daffodil, hyacinth, scilla, tulips
Continue to set out cool-weather bedding plants such as calendula, pansy, snapdragon, primrose and viola.

Vegetables

Plant onions, garlic, artichokes and asparagus before frost.
Direct seed beets, bok choy, spinach, peas, mustard, radishes.
At warmer elevations, plant potatoes now through March.

Lawns

This is an ideal time to reseed bare spots.
Think about reducing the size of, or removing, your lawn to conserve resources.

Cover Crops

Seed for erosion control on slopes.
Clover or fava beans to improve soil structure in your vegetable garden.

November

Maintenance

Prune and clean up for fire prevention.
Oil and sharpen tools. Sand handles. Either varnish or spray paint handles to make them easy to find in the garden.
Pull summer annuals and vegetables.
Prune dead and broken branches on trees and shrubs.
Rake and compost leaves and plant materials. Dispose of diseased materials.
Water plants that rains cannot reach.
Remove the bands of corrugated cardboard used to trap codling moth larvae from around apple tree trunks and dispose of them.
Apply mulch.
Remove “mummies” from fruit trees after.

Fertilize

Feed the cool-season flowers and veggies you planted last month.
Fertilize and irrigate peach trees just after harvest.

Spray

Spray stone fruit trees for leaf curl, shot hole fungus and pseudomonia canker before first heavy rain; use fixed copper.

What to Plant in November

November is the best months to plant trees and shrubs.
Root evergreen cuttings: boxwood, ivy, holly, juniper, yew.

Flowers

Direct seed wildflowers.
Plant the bulbs you have chilling in the refrigerator. tulips, narcissus, daffodil, and hyacinths. Set some in pots for winter forcing.
Plant corms: crocus, gladiolus, tuberous begonias.
Plant tubers: dahlias, begonias, caladiums, and anemones.
Plant even more spring-blooming flowers such as sweet peas, clarkia, calendula, and California poppy.
Last chance to set out cool-weather annuals.
Below 2,000 ft: garlic cloves, Jerusalem artichoke. Seeds for mustard, onion, parsley, radish, Savoy spinach, cover crops

Vegetables

Plant onions, garlic, artichokes and asparagus before frost.
Direct seed bok choy, spinach, peas, mustard, and radishes.
Plant bare-root artichokes now through March.
At warmer elevations, plant potatoes now through March.

Lawns

Think about reducing the size of, or removing, your lawn to conserve resources.

Cover Crops

Seed for erosion control on slopes.
Plant clover or fava beans to improve soil structure in your vegetable garden.

December

Maintenance

Continue to rake up leaves for composting and to control pests and diseases.
Clean up garden beds.
Keep an eye on the weather report, protect frost-tender plants when the temperature falls below 32 degrees.
Prune non-flowering trees and shrubs while dormant.
Clean up debris around fruit trees to prevent disease.
Mulch, water, and cover tender plants to protect from frost. Be sure to remove coverings during the day.
The birds stay in Northern California through the winter. Since flowers are scarce in most gardens now, it’s important to keep your feeder filled; clean and refill it every few days.

Fertilize

Apply chelated iron to azaleas, gardenias and camellias if leaves are yellowing between the veins.
Feed annuals with a complete fertilizer once a month or fish emulsion every two weeks.

Spray

To smother overwintering insect eggs and pest such as aphids and mites, and scale, spray deciduous flowering and fruit trees as well as roses with dormant oil after the leaves have fallen.

What to Plant in December

Trees, shrubs, perennials

Choose and plant camellias and azaleas.
Bare-root roses start appearing in nurseries this month. Shop while selections are good.
Choose a living Christmas tree; keep it outside until Christmas week. Dig a hole now to plant after the holidays.

Flowers

Brighten the Holidays with poinsettias, amaryllis, calendulas, Iceland poppies, pansies, Christmas cactus, and primroses.
Keep poinsettias in a sunny, warm location: feed monthly, water thoroughly.
Continue to plant tulips, narcissus, daffodil, and hyacinths for a longer show of blooms in the spring.
Take advantage of end-of-the-year bulb sales; plant at once.
Prune for Holiday Greens. Holly, juniper, pittosporum, podocarpus, pyracantha, and toyon all benefit from a winter grooming. Use the cuttings for holiday decorations.

Vegetables

Late this month nurseries begin selling bare-root artichokes, asparagus, berries, grapes, kiwifruit, horseradish, and rhubarb. Buy and plant early in the month while roots are still fresh. If the soil is too wet to plant, temporarily cover the roots with moistened mulch to keep them from drying out.
Plant seeds for cabbage and spring lettuce in a cold frame or in the greenhouse.

Lawns

Turn off your automatic sprinklers once the winter rains get started.

Cover Crops

Even small gardens will benefit from the use of cover crops, or “green manures”. Tilling, weeding, harvesting and foot traffic in most home gardens tends to destroy soil structure. Planting cover crops such as grasses or legumes is an easy way to revitalize the soil.