- Author: Sonia Rios
The roof rat (Rattus rattus, also known as a citrus rat, fruit rat, black rat, or gray rat) is an introduced species of rat native to southern Asia. It was brought to America on the first ships to reach the New World. This is the same species that carried the bubonic plague around the world and is the reservoir host for murine typhus, which is a disease that is transmitted by fleas. This primarily nocturnal vertebrate is a pest in citrus, nut orchards and other tree crops. In citrus, it builds leaf and twig nests in trees or it can nest in debris piles, thick mulch pile on the ground, or in shallow burrows under the tree. In livestock feed yards and barns, roof rats often burrow and hide under feed bunks or in the hay bales. Adult roof rats range from 12-14 inches long (30-36cm) and weigh 5-10oz. (150-250g) (UC IPM 2017). The large, sleek rat has a pointed muzzle and hairless scale-covered tail that can be longer than the body and head combined.
DAMAGE
A rats gnawing can cause some serious damage to just about anything, electrical wires, wooden structures, and they tend to not be picky about which agriculture crop to invade. Roof rats often feed on citrus, avocados, and other fruits, sometimes leaving hollow fruit skins hanging on the tree. In tree crops, they can girdle limbs or stems, leading to mortality to part or all of a tree. After harvest, they damage fruit and nuts in bins by chewing them and leaving excrement. This can cause major esthetics damage to fruit and become a food safety issue. Since rats are active throughout the year, and mostly at night, this can be a challenge to growers and can become infestation because of their quick gestational period of 3 to 4 weeks.
MANAGEMENT
Cultural Control
Because roof rats are such good climbers, swimmers, and hitchhikers it is hard to completely exclude them from your grove or orchard. Fruit trees should be isolated, not touching fences, overhead wires, or the scaffolds or branches of other trees. Roof rats will run along fence stringer boards or support poles, phone and cable TV wires, and tree branches to reach your fruit tree. Lower branches of the tree should never touch the ground. Reducing shelter and nesting opportunity sites of rats is crucial. Eliminate debris and woodpiles and store materials neatly off the ground. Thin and separate non-crop vegetation around orchards, such as weeds and remove dead wood from fruit trees, especially in citrus and avocado (UC IPM 2017). A low-hanging skirt of drooping branches give the rats additional access routes and provides them with protective cover while feeding. It's best to prune tree skirts so that the ground under them is open and visible. This lack of cover makes the rats uncomfortable and more susceptible to predators such as snakes and birds of prey.
Sanitation is also an important component to an IPM program. Use or remove all fallen fruit, do not leave any fruit behind, as the roof rat is an opportunist and will take advantage of the mess left behind.
Monitoring and Treatment Decisions
According to the UC IPM guidelines, the use of elevated bait stations containing 0.005% diphacinone*-treated oats (sold at some county agricultural commissioner's offices) is highly effective at controlling roof rats in orchards. Secure bait in a bait station before placing in trees on limbs 6 feet or more above the ground. Placing the bait in a secure bait station will prevent bait from dropping to the ground and creating a hazard for non-target species. Bait can only be applied during the non-bearing season, so growers must take a proactive approach to managing problematic rat populations (UC IPM 2017).
Trapping
Rat-sized snap or wooden box traps placed in trees are also effective, although a more time-consuming control option. Do not use glue board traps outdoors, as birds, lizards, and other non-target wildlife may be trapped. Rats are wary, tending to avoid baits and traps for at least a few days after their initial placement. Fasten traps to limbs and bait them with fruit or nut meats, but do not set the traps until after bait is readily eaten. Be aware that certain types of rat baits for use inside buildings (such as sticky traps) are not labeled for use outdoors in orchards; these are hazardous to wildlife and should not be used.
Preventative care, sanitation and scouting for rat's nests or damage is the easiest way to stop a problem before it becomes a problem. For more information regarding the roof rat, please visit the UC IPM website: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74106.html.
Baiting *Be sure to identify the species of rat present to avoid killing non-target or protected species.*
- Author: Sonia Rios, Julie Pedraza and Ben Faber
Firefighters from all over the country worked around the clock to put out fires throughout the state of California. Fires could be devastating to growers and, in some ways, they could be beneficial by reducing populations of weeds and unwanted vegetation. However, after the loss of vegetation after a fire, growers have to prepare for the next possible disaster- mudslides, debris flow and flashfloods. Vegetation that once secured soil and gravel, preventing erosion on mountain and hill slopes is no longer there. Instead the waxy residue from burnt plant debris has formed into a baked waxy layer that prevents water from infiltrating more than a few inches into the soil, creating a water-proof surface layer. When a significant amount of rainfall occurs after a fire, it becomes an environment for a mudslide.
According to Randy Brooks, author of the article “After the Fires: Hydrophobic Soils,” during a fire, burning plants release gases from waxy plant substances that permeate through the soil pore space, coating soil particles with a hydrophobic substance, thus repelling water. Over time, the wax-like, hydrophobic layer that has formed a few inches below the soil could persist in repelling water causing damage years later. Orchard trees with shallow roots can be destroyed and/or develop weakened root systems if a mudslide occurs post-fire. As rain continues to fall, large chunks of topsoil can break loose and slide down sloped landscapes. In some cases, mud and debris can exceed 35 mph, causing massive damage and major mudslides.
Rapid moving mudslides can enter into infiltration basins, irrigation canals, and reservoirs moving silty-clay sand suspension sediment that could clog pumps and irrigation lines creating an expensive problem for growers.
Erosion in Orchards Post-Fire
Post-fire rains result in the transport of fertile soil particles into downstream waterways. These sediments can carry unwanted pesticides and nutrients that adhere to them. Erosion problems can include water pollution, loss of soil quality, increased flooding, impairment of stream ecosystems, decreased groundwater storage, release of carbon, slope failures, degradation of habitat and loss of species, damage to downstream lands and properties. Not to mention the amount of time and costs associated with addressing these issues.
Preventable Management Practices
Orchard floor management can include anything from the addition of soil amendments to changes in tillage practices. One way to minimize soil erosion is to implement management practices that improve soil structure. Soil structure is the arrangement of mineral particles into aggregates. A well-structured soil having stable aggregates can easily accommodate infiltrating water that decreases runoff and reduces erosion. In addition, stable aggregates resist particle detachment, prevent the formation of crusts, and are less susceptible to compaction. Light tillage where possible can break up the hydrophobic topsoil layer post-fire, followed by planting a cover crop, such as a grass or a forb can prevent soil erosion and be a moderate barrier in the event of a mudslide.
Mature avocado groves have high soil organic matter (SOM) due to leaf mulch and fine rootlets that die and decompose in the shallow soils. Soil organic matter promotes good soil aggregation and stable aggregates. The form of SOM that binds soil particles together into aggregates is called humus, which consists of highly decomposed organic material. Humus results from the breakdown of mulches, roots and any amended organic materials like compost or other supplemental mulches.
Periodic application of organic materials is a proven method for improving the water-infiltration capacity of certain soils: those that suffer from weak structure due to low organic matter content.
In many situations it is neither practical nor feasible to add soil amendments as an erosion control practice. Cover crops are an excellent alternative to reduce soil erosion. They protect the soil from raindrop impact, prevent the formation of surface crusts, increase infiltration rates, and intercept sediment-rich runoff. Cover crops are also a great source of SOM. Critical aspects to consider are nutrient and water competition with crops, cost of additional water for irrigation, shade tolerance, crop height, and maintenance practices such as mowing.
Like most management practices, cover cropping has disadvantages, too. All cover crops use water, some are invasive, some serve as habitat for pests, some can increase the potential for frost damage, and they may be costly to establish.
Management practices are ever changing for prevention and protection of orchards every year especially against fire and mudslides. Being informed and assessing the situation post-fire adds value to how we can evaluate the cost of protecting orchards and economically prepare fields from mudslides damages.
- Author: Ben Faber
I recently came across a library of all kinds of images of pests, diseases and crops. It has lots of entries, such as “Bees of the United States”:
https://www.ipmimages.org/browse/projectsubject.cfm?proj=1154
Alkali bee
And images of citrus pests and diseases and even different cultivars of citrus, under “Citrus ID”:
https://www.ipmimages.org/browse/projectsubject.cfm?proj=108
'Xie Shan" citrus cultivar
And even a few avocado images:
https://www.ipmimages.org/browse/Areathumb.cfm?area=277
But there's a heck of a lot more.
Clicking on the different links and their volumes of images will take some time because of the shear number. The images have been collected as a public data base for not only academics, but also for the general public. At present, it's not too easy to search, but it's worth a look.
Here's a list of the different categories that can be perused:
Commodity Groups
Grain Sorghum and Small Grains
Grain Sorghum and Small Grains
Plant Pathogen and Microbe Culture Images
Forestry, Wildlife and Natural Resources
Taxonomy
Biological Controls
Damage Types
Insects
Bark Beetles and Phloem Feeders
Seed, Cone, Flower, Bud and Fruit Damaging Insects
Diseases
Parasitic and Epiphytic Plants
/span>
- Author: Ben Faber
Plant-out-of-place photo galleries:
http://wric.ucdavis.edu/photo_gallery/photo_gallery.htm
http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/weeds_intro.html
Horseweed - Conyza canadensis
Herbicide treatment table for citrus:
http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r107700411.html
And if you are wondering what herbicide damage might look like on various plant species (this is heavily weighted to annuals and landscape plants):
http://herbicidesymptoms.ipm.ucanr.edu/index.cfm
Blueberry herbicide damage
- Author: Pam Kan-Rice
Roof rats are running rampant in California orchards this year, according to UC Agriculture and Natural Resources scientists.
“In pistachio and other nut orchards, roof rats are burrowing and nesting in the ground where they're chewing on irrigation lines, causing extensive damage,” said Rachael Long, UC Cooperative Extension advisor. “They are also nesting in citrus trees, feeding on the fruit and terrifying field workers when they jump out as people are picking fruit. The chewing pests are also girdling citrus limbs, causing branch dieback.”
The wet winter of 2017 led to lots of weed seeds for rats to eat. “Last season, rats were also nibbling on pomegranates, avocados, and other fruit and nut crops, rendering them unmarketable,” Long said.
Holes in the ground around the base of pistachio trees throughout a Yolo County orchard puzzled the grower.
“We looked for ground squirrels, but never saw any,” Long said. “We set up game cameras, but only got birds and rabbits. We put rodent bait in the holes, but the digging didn't stop.”
Long, the pest detective, cracked the case by consulting Niamh Quinn, UC Cooperative Extension human-wildlife interactions advisor based in Irvine. “She informed us that the damage we were seeing was from roof rats.”
Burrowing roof rats sounds like an oxymoron. While roof rats generally don't burrow in urban environments, their country cousins have been known to burrow.
“It's not true that they don't burrow,” Quinn said. “When I worked as staff research associate for Roger Baldwin, UC Cooperative Extension wildlife specialist, that is mostly what we studied, burrowing roof rats in orchards.”
Control measures
Baldwin said, “It seems to be a good year for rats in a number of different areas and crops throughout the state. I've received more questions and comments about rats this year than perhaps the last 10 years combined. As for bait application, putting bait down burrow systems for rats doesn't usually work too well, so I'm not surprised that approach didn't work. Growers will likely have better luck with bait stations in the trees.”
Because the rats climb, Baldwin suggests attaching bait stations to tree branches.
“In addition, elevating the bait stations will eliminate access to bait for many protected mammal species, such as kangaroo rats,” Long said. “The bait diphacinone grain can be purchased from some ag commissioners' offices. This is what Roger Baldwin said they tested and it worked.”
As for the bait stations, they should be designed so that there isn't any spillage for nontarget animals to eat, Long said.
When roof rat outbreaks occur, rodenticides are often needed to prevent crop damage. However, timing is critical as diphacinone use is highly restrictive and not allowed during the growing season, which is beginning as the weather warms.
“Check the product label for application instructions,” Long reminds growers. “It's the law.”
Identifying the pest
One way for growers to identify whether they have roof rats is by the size of the burrows. The nocturnal pests are active above ground in trees and below ground.
“Roof rats can forage away from their nest, so you won't likely find signs of their activity, such as rat droppings outside their burrow, to help identify them,” Long said.
Ground squirrels are active during the day, so they are more likely to be seen, dig holes about 4 inches in diameter and forage above ground near their burrows. Vole and mouse holes are 1- to 2-inches in diameter. Roof rat holes are typically 3 to 4 inches in diameter and might have nut shells in front of them, for example pistachio or almond shells. Rabbits will feed on seedling crops, but do not dig burrows.
Roof rats are prolific breeders that reproduce year-round, according to Baldwin. Females typically have three to five litters per year with five to eight young, enabling their populations to rapidly increase. The omnivores feed on a wide variety of plant and animal materials, allowing them to adapt to any environment, including urban and agricultural lands.
“Rats are sneaky and hard to spot,” Long said. “If you see damage, including digging in the soil but no wildlife, suspect rats.”
For more information on controlling roof rats, download Quinn and Baldwin's free UC ANR publication 8513, Managing Roof Rats and Deer Mice in Nut and Fruit Orchards at http://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu/Details.aspx?itemNo=8513.
For more information about ground squirrels, download the free UC IPM Best Management Guidelines http://www.groundsquirrelbmp.com or UC IPM Pest Note http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7438.html.
And there's more on rats in the orchard:
https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=26570
https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=24581
https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=19525