- (Focus Area) Economic Development
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
“I got two phone calls almost simultaneously on my two cell phones, so I thought this could not be a prank, but I am still in disbelief,” said Leal, a UC Davis distinguished professor in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and former professor and chair of the Department of Entomology (now Entomology and Nematology)
The caller: The National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
The message: You've been elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the highest honor a scientist can achieve.
"Members are elected to the National Academy of Sciences in recognition of their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research,” a spokesperson related. “Membership is a widely accepted mark of excellence in science and is considered one of the highest honors that a scientist can receive. Current NAS membership totals approximately 2,400 members and 500 international members, of which approximately 190 have received Nobel prizes."
“As they say, many deserving and few lucky ones," Leal commented. "Bruce Hammock told me many years ago that when he was elected to NAS, he looked around and saw many deserving colleagues. Now I understand that feeling very well. It is a tremendous and humbling honor. I hope an imposter syndrome does not kick in.”
Hammock, a UC Davis distinguished professor who holds a joint appointment with the Department of Entomology and Nematology, was elected a NAS member in 1999.
They are the only UC Davis entomologists who are NAS members.
Leal: World Leader in His Field
Leal, a native of Brazil and educated in Brazil, Japan and the United States, joined the UC Davis Department of Entomology in 2000. In 2013, he accepted a position with the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology. "Walter is an internationally recognized entomologist and a world leader in his field for his groundbreaking and transformative research in insect olfaction and chemical ecology,” Hammock said. “He is truly a renaissance man. He chaired our entomology department from 2006 to 2008, and under his tenure, our department was ranked No. 1 in the country. I've long admired (1) his rigorous fundamental research programs supported by National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, and the U.S. Department of Food and Agriculture, and other agencies, (2) how he tackles and solves multiple challenging problems in insect olfaction and chemical ecology, (3) his grasp of how to organize and moderate highly successful worldwide research webinars (4) his generosity in helping other succeed and (4) his finely honed sense of humor."
Leal solves entomological problems spanning agriculture, human health, and welfare. He translates pheromone technology to agriculturists and serves as a principal investigator for the Pacific Southwest Regional Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Diseases (affiliated with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). He holds more than 20 patents.
“Walter has been exceptionally conscientious, active, and generous in professional service at UC Davis,” Hammock pointed out. "In August of 2021, he achieved a ‘first' for international science communication when he organized and led the extraordinary virtual conference ‘Insect Olfaction and Taste in 24 Hours Around the Globe.' I especially applaud him for elucidating the mode of action of the insect repellent DEET, developed in 1946 and known as ‘the gold standard of repellents.' Its mode of action remained an enigma for six decades until Walter's discovery. In researching the neurons in mosquito antennae sensitive to DEET, he isolated the first DEET-sensitive odorant receptor, paving the way for the development of better repellents.”
May Berenbaum, professor and head, Department of Entomology, University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, National Medical of Science Laureate, NAS member, and editor of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, earlier wrote that “Dr. Leal is indisputably a world leader in the field of insect chemical ecology whose work over the course of his long and distinguished career has transformed basic knowledge of insect olfactory mechanisms and inspired innovative practical applications for sustainable management of insects of importance in agriculture and human health. He has contributed significantly to the current understanding of the structure and function of every component of olfaction, including receptors, binding proteins, and degrading enzymes, revising classic paradigms along the way. No textbook and no course on insect chemical communication could be considered complete without mentioning his landmark research achievements.”
'Just Like in a Honey Bee Colony'
Leal recently was named the 2024 recipient of the UC Davis Academic Senate's Distinguished Research Award, and will present a lecture on “Just Like in a Honey Bee Colony--It Takes a Team in the UC Davis Hive to Win an Award” at the Academic Senate's Faculty Distinguished Research Award Lecture Lunch on Tuesday, May 7 from noon to 1 p.m. in the UC Davis Conference Center.
Leal is the first UC Davis faculty member to receive the Academic Senate's trifecta of awards: outstanding teaching, public service, and research. Leal received the Academic Senate's 2020 Distinguished Teaching Award for Undergraduate Teaching, and the 2022 Distinguished Scholarly Public Service Award.
Among Leal's many honors: Fellow of the Entomological Society of America (2009), American Association for the Advancement of Science (2005), and the National Academy of Inventors (2019). He was elected a trustee of the Royal Entomological Society in February 2024.
Leal holds a Ph.D. in applied biochemistry from the University of Tsukuba, Japan, with subsequent postdoctoral training in entomology and chemical ecology at the National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science (NISES) and Cornell University, respectively. He was the first non-Japanese person to earn tenure at Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries.
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
Give them a 21-insect net salute.
That's what occurred at a recent retirement celebration honoring the legacy of UC Davis distinguished professor emerita Lynn Kimsey, director of the Bohart Museum of Entomology for 34 years.
Kimsey, who joined the UC Davis Department of Entomology (now the Department of Entomology and Nematology) in 1989, became the director of the Bohart Museum in 1990.
Noted entomologist Richard "Doc" Bohart (1913-2007) founded the insect museum in 1946. UC Davis Chancellor James Meyer (1922-2002) dedicated the facility in 1986 as "the Bohart Museum of Entomology" at a ceremony in Briggs Hall. A highlight: Faculty, postdoctoral fellows, graduate students and others saluted him with a 21-insect net salute. They lined up, formed an archway with their nets, and Professor Bohart walked under the archway.
Kimsey, who was Bohart's last graduate student, recalled that event "as one of the funniest memories" of her career when she delivered a speech last November at the Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CA&ES) event honoring recipients of its excellence awards. Kimsey received the Exceptional Faculty Award.
Kimsey retired on Feb. 1, 2024 (but she's still doing research and continues to be the executive director of the Bohart Museum Society and the writer-editor-publisher of the quarterly Bohart newsletter.)
Then came the retirement celebration on April 6. Her colleagues, collaborators, faculty, staff and students gathered in a Mathematics Building classroom on Crocker Lane for speeches, and then headed over to the nearby Bohart Museum for the 21-insect net salute, a buffet and more tributes.
As Kimsey walked beneath the archway of the 21-insect net salute leading into the Bohart Museum, a chorus of cheers and applause greeted her.
She always remember that.
Just as she remembers the first insect net she received at age 5.
“I've always been interested in insects," Kimsey said. "I got my first insect net at age 5.” A portrait of her holding that net graces the Bohart Museum.
Under Kimsey's direction, the Bohart Museum that "Doc" Bohart founded 78 years ago expanded from 400 specimens to some eight million insect specimens today. It is the seventh largest insect collection in North America.
A recognized authority on biodiversity, systematics and biogeography of parasitic wasps, urban entomology, civil forensic entomology, and arthropod-related industrial hygiene, Kimsey holds two entomology degrees from UC Davis: a bachelor's degree (1976) and a doctorate (1979). "I got to pursue my bug interests," she said. "I know it was kind of weird, but even as a little kid it was fun."
It still is, Kimsey told the crowd at her retirement celebration.
The new Bohart Museum director is arachnologist and Professor Jason Bond, the Evert and Marion Schlinger Endowed Chair in the Department of Entomology and Nematology and associate dean, College of Environmental Sciences (CA&ES).
Resources:
- Access the UC Davis Entomology and Nematology website for the retirement celebration story.
- Listen to Kimsey's speech recorded by Walter Leal, UC Davis distinguished professor of molecular and cell biology and former chair of the Department of Entomology. It is posted on X (formerly Twitter) at https://x.com/wsleal2014/status/1776732932901863666)
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
Assistant professor Laura "Melissa" Guzman of the University of Southern California (USC) will discuss "Using Occupancy Models to Infer Trends of Bee Biodiversity in North America" at the April 29th seminar hosted by the UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology.
Her seminar begins at 4:10 p.m. in 122 Briggs Hall and also will be on Zoom. The Zoom link:
https://ucdavis.zoom.us/j/9 5882849672
"Historical museum records provide potentially useful data for identifying drivers of temporal trends in species occupancy, however, because these records were not explicitly collected for this purpose, methodological developments are needed in order to enable robust inferences," Guzman writes in her abstract. "Occupancy-detection models, a relatively new and powerful suite of methods, are potentially useful here, because these models allow us to account for changes in collection effort through space and time. Applying such occupancy-detection models to historical museum records is not a straightforward process, as these models have strict data requirements that museum data usually do not meet."
"Here I will present a methodological road-map for using occupancy models to analyze historical museum records. I use simulated data-sets to identify how and when modeling decisions and patterns in data can bias inferences. I will focus primarily on the consequences of contrasting methodological approaches for dealing with species ranges and non-detections in both space and time. Finally, I will present an application of these methods to bees in North America and will present drivers of change for these species in the past 30 years."
Guzman says that the "overarching goal of my research is to develop statistical and computational methods to leverage large biodiversity datasets to learn about ecological processes. While we know that the distribution of some species is changing, it is actually very difficult to make reliable inferences as to which species are declining and by how much from the often messy and complex historical and spatial datasets that we have to work with — for example, historical museum records, where species occurrences are aggregated from studies with different sampling procedures."
"In order to address this gap," Guzman says, "my research focuses on determining if and how statistical models can be applied to historical records without yielding biased trends. In my research I also apply these statistical models to determine how the distribution of pollinators has changed through time, where museum records provide lots of information. I am also interested in determining which drivers (e.g. pesticide use, climate change, land use change, etc.) are causing the most decline of the most pollinator species."
"Another aspect of my research is to understand the processes that shape communities, for example, I have combined experiments and modelling to understand how the structure of body size in a community affects the stability of food webs. In more recent work, I used large-scale simulations and machine learning to identify the signal of metacommunity processes in ecological time series."
Guzman is a Gabilan assistant professor in USC's Department of Biological Sciences. She received two degrees from McGlll University: her bachelor's degree (2012) in biology and her master's degree (2013) in ecology and evolution. She obtained her Ph.D. at the University of British Columbia.
She recently co-authored a piece in the journal Ecology titled "A Data Set for Pollinator Diversity and their Interactions with Plants in the Pacific Northwest," published in November 2022.
The abstract:
"Pollinator populations have declined substantially in recent years. The resulting loss in pollination services has both ecological and economic consequences, including reductions in plant diversity and crop production and lower food security. Data sets that identify pollinators and their plant hosts are of the utmost importance for the light can shed on the main causes of pollinator declines. Here we present a data set that contains 67,954 individual pollinator records. The data were collected across the Pacific Northwest, primarily focused in British Columbia (Canada), with 182 individual sites over 11 years, between 2005 and 2017. This data set comprises multiple studies that aimed to collect information on pollinator abundance, diversity, and their interactions with plants. Overall, the data set includes 937 morphospecies (of which 482 were identified to the species level) of pollinators across 105 families, including data for bees, wasps, butterflies, moths, and flies. We also present information on the interactions of these species, with 473 species of plants. The data set is being released for noncommercial use only. Credits should be given to this paper (i.e., proper citation)."
Guzman won the American Society of Naturalists Young Investigator Award, 2022-2023, and the Canadian Society of Ecology and Evolution Early Career Award, 2022-2023.
For any technical Zoom issues, contact seminar coordinator Brian Johnson at brnjohnson@ucdavis.edu. The full list of spring seminars is here.
- Author: Mark E Lundy
2024 UC Davis Small Grains and Alfalfa Field Day
May 9th, 7:30 a.m. – 1:30 p.m.
Supported by the California Crop Improvement Association (CCIA)
REGISTER HERE (no charge for event)
Department of Plant Sciences Field Facility, UC Davis
(2400 Hutchison Dr, Davis CA 38.5390, -121.7800)
Continuing Education Units (CEUs):
3.0 CCA (1.5 Crop Management; 1 Soil & Water Management; 0.5 Nutrient Management)
1.5 CDFA INMP (1 Irrigation Management; 0.5 Nitrogen Management)
- Author: Mary Burich, CLEAR Center
¿Qué pensaría si le dijeran que el ganado de pastoreo podría ser un arma secreta para reducir los incendios forestales en California? Estamos seguros de que inmediatamente empezarían a surgir preguntas y dudas en su cabeza.
Es cierto que, con su ganado, los rancheros de California ya contribuyen significativamente a la cultura, economía y suministro de alimentos de la región. Pero un nuevo estudio, sugiere que de manera inadvertida podrían también estar contribuyendo a moderar la severidad de los incendios forestales que han estado asolando al estado en los últimos años y que, definitivamente sería una mejor alternativa, que dejar que se quemen las praderas.
El estudio publicado en el diario Sustainability profundiza en el tema, sopesando las ventajas – e inconvenientes – que aporta el ganado de pastoreo. Los investigadores, incluyendo a científicos de la Universidad de California en Davis y de la División de Agricultura y Recursos Naturales de UC, se pusieron a calcular los gases de efecto de invernadero que producen las vacas que consumen la vegetación que, en caso contrario, ardería durante los incendios forestales. Luego calcularon las emisiones GHG en el caso que ese forraje quedara intacto y, por lo tanto, fuera consumido por el fuego, para eventualmente hacer una comparación.
Se siente el calor
Dada la severidad de los recientes incendios forestales en California y la creencia de que continuarán y se intensificarán en un futuro cercano, es un debate que vale la pena tener, manifestó Frank Mitloehner, experto en agricultura animal y calidad del aire de UC Davis, director del Centro CLEAR y uno de los investigadores que contribuyeron al artículo revisado por colegas.
“Cada año, entre el 2010 y 2020, California perdió en promedio 89 mil acres de pastizales debido a los incendios forestales”, indicó Mitloehner, quien también es especialista de Extensión Cooperativa. “Además de la alteración y devastación obvios que causaron, los incendios produjeron en el aire y nuestra atmosfera gases de efecto invernadero y partículas nocivas como carbono negro. Estos solos amenazan la salud climática y el bienestar de los humanos”.
Un gas rápido y furioso
El ganado es experto en eliminar combustible herbáceo cuando pastan. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo, su sistema digestivo especializado produce metano que es expulsado con mayor frecuencia en forma de emisiones entéricas … más comúnmente conocidas como eructos. A modo de antecedentes, el metano es un potente gas de efecto invernadero que calienta la atmósfera 25 veces más que la tasa de carbono en más de cien años. Pero se queda en la atmosfera solo durante diez a doce años después de ser emitido. Después de eso, se transforma en dióxido de carbono y vapor de agua.
Por esa razón, Mitloehner se refiere al metano como un gas “rápido y furioso”. Furioso porque se calienta con fuerza y rápido porque lo hace durante solo un corto tiempo, especialmente cuando se le compara con el dióxido de carbono. Además, debido al ciclo de carbono biogénico, por el que las plantas extraen dióxido de carbono de la atmosfera para la fotosíntesis, el calentamiento del metano y sus subproductos pueden desaparecer por completo cuando son hidrolizados y usados por las plantas.
Cómo calculan las emisiones los investigadores
Para poder determinar si el ganado de pastoreo que emite metano es mejor para la atmósfera que la quema de praderas, Mitloehner y otros investigadores emplearon un método conocido como “simulación Monte Carlo”, una técnica matemática usada por científicos para predecir el resultado de acontecimientos inciertos.
Observando exclusivamente las emisiones de metano, descubrieron que es mejor dejar que las vacas consuman la vegetación a dejar que ardan durante incendios forestales. De acuerdo, es marginalmente mejor, pero cuando se consideran otras ventajas de la agricultura animal y, a la inversa, otras desventajas de un incendio generalizado y sin control, la conversación cambia repentinamente.
“Aun cuando el ganado no nos ofreciera ningún otro beneficio, lo cual no es el caso, podemos ahora argumentar que son útiles para nosotros en otra forma”, dijo Mitloehner.
¿Amigos o adversarios?
Ni que decir que es difícil encontrar algo bueno sobre los incendios forestales, pero eso no es el caso de la agricultura animal. La industria aporta trabajos y apoya la economía en otras formas también. Además, es una importante fuente de alimentos ricos en proteína que van en creciente demanda mientras que la población mundial continua en camino a los 10 mil millones de habitantes para el año 2050.
Ante la preocupación sobre el calentamiento global, la industria se encuentra en una posición única de alcanzar un calentamiento neto cero, también conocido como neutralidad climática, si continúa reduciendo de manera agresiva las emisiones de metano, lo cual Mitloehner asevera es de critica importancia para el planeta. “Algunos otros sectores pueden reducir su calentamiento a neto cero y todavía servir a la sociedad, pero la agricultura lo puede hacer debido a la forma en la que el metano actúa en la atmosfera”, manifestó el experto.
Además de Mitloehner, otros autores del estudio son Sheila Barry, Devii Rao y Theresa Becchetti, asesoras de Extensión Cooperativa; Rowan Peterson, Ermias Kebreab y Minju Jung de UC Davis y Felix Ratcliff y Kaveh Motamed de LD Ford.
Este artículo fue publicado por primera vez en el sitio web del Centro CLEAR (Clarity and Leadership for Environmental Awareness and Research) de UC Davis
Adaptado al español por Leticia Irigoyen del artículo en inglés. Editado para su publicación por Diana Cervantes