- Author: Carolle Juliano
If you live in the California Central Valley and fancy yourself a summer vegetable gardener, you've probably tried your hand at growing tomatoes. And that's all types of tomatoes, from slicers, to cherries to heirlooms to beefsteak. After all, our neighboring city and state capitol is nicknamed “Sacratomato” for a reason. In years past, the hot summer air of Davis was heavy with the scent of processed tomatoes from the Hunt Wesson Cannery and street intersections were marked with red orbs spilled from the open-topped transport trucks.
Times do change, however. The cannery is gone and the number of commercial tomato fields has diminished. But home gardeners persist in their pursuit of the perfect tomato, however vexing and challenging the current environment is. With temperatures reaching triple digits regularly and for extended periods during our summers, “full sun” has taken on a damaging effect. Case in point, my 'Fourth of July' indeterminate tomato plant.
Most of its fruit show signs of solar yellowing caused by high temperatures (above 85 degrees F) accompanied by high light intensity. The normal red coloring of a tomato is lycopene. This fails to form at 86 degrees F, leaving carotene, which is either yellow or orange, as the sole fruit coloring.
But if you look closer, beyond the discoloration, you'll notice something else. Look at the flattened, whitish area on the top of the lower right tomato. That's radiation damage caused by intense sunlight. In actuality, it's sunburned or “sunscalded”. Left exposed to more sun, the skin will deteriorate further to become paper thin and vulnerable to bacteria or fungi.
Once the damage is done, there is no remedy. Fortunately, if no pathogen has set claim, the fruit is still edible with the scalded portions removed.
So what can be done to prevent future sunburn since scientific models predict an ever-increasing heat index? To start, backyard gardeners can be selective regarding the tomato varieties they choose. For example, I now know that the 'Fourth of July' is a small-leafed plant unable to fully shade its fruit. Next year, I'll look for plant varieties with broader leaves and more shade potential. That might include 'Celebrity' or 'Champion' varieties, both on the UCCE Master Gardeners of Yolo recommended list.
On the other hand, Sungolds (growing next to the suffering 'Fourth of July' plant) seem to thrive in high temperatures and full sun exposure, producing consistent, sweet fruit. Or perhaps it's time to move the veggie garden to a different part of the yard with an easterly exposure, which would afford plenty of sunshine but avoid the harshest part of the afternoon heat. Another option might be moveable pots.
However, this year, I've opted for a different approach. Welcome to my tomato resort where tomatoes have it “made in the shade” cool ??.
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
Born in Tonbridge, England, but a resident of Canada since 1945, Jeremy received his bachelor's degree in zoology, with honors, from the University of Western Ontario in 1969, and his doctorate in entomology and ecology from North Carolina State University in 1972. He served as a professor at Western Ontario from 2004 until his death.
"Jeremy died as he lived, tenacious and determined to the last--qualities that served him well as he blazed a trail through life," according to his obituary in Legacy.com. "He was recognised internationally as an eminent research scientist, publishing hundreds of papers, holding many positions of distinction and receiving countless accolades and awards. These include, among many others, President of the Royal Society of Canada, the Humboldt Research Fellowship in Germany, and the Order of Canada for his services to education. He was a passionate and enthusiastic educator his whole life, an ambassador equally at ease with everyone from VIPs to children."
"He received several national awards for his outreach activities, often saying the publication that he was most proud of was What is an Insect?, a children's book he co-wrote with Let's Talk Science which has been translated into five languages, and is used as a teaching aid in schools across Canada."
The professor, fondly nicknamed "The Bug Man," treasured his 500 (plus) insect-themed T-shirts, his favorite attire. One of them was "The Beetles," the all-time best seller designed and sold by the UC Davis Entomology Graduate Student Association. Mimicking The Beatles (George Harrison, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr and John Lennon) crossing Abbey Road in a single file, the t-shirt depicts four beetles sauntering across the road. Beneath each beetle image is the family name: Phengogidae, Curculionidae, Cerambycidae and Scarabaeidae. Think glowworm beetles, snout beetles, long-horned beetles and scarab beetles.
"If you look closely," we wrote in a Bug Squad blog posted Dec. 4, 2023, "these UC Davis beetles are all wearing clothes--maybe designer clothes designed just for them? Three are barefoot, and one, the long-horned beetle, is wearing shoes. EGSA records don't indicate who designed The Beetles, but it's a keeper. It never fails to draw smiles. (EGSA sells this t-shirt and others at https://ucdavisentgrad.square.site.)
But back to Jeremy O'Neil and his love of insect-themed T-shirts. On July 26, his friend and colleague, UC Davis distinguished professor Walter Leal, recently elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences, posted an image on X (formerly Twitter) of McNeil wearing his UC Davis Beetles T-shirt. "Jeremy McNeil (Nov. 20, 1944 – July 18, 2024) had 500+ entomology-themed T-shirts, but this is--without a doubt--the number one! I am slightly biased because I like beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, not because I'm a @ucdavis faculty of course."
According to Legacy.com, all of McNeil's t-shirts will be "catalogued and sold to raise money for charity."
Jeremy Nichol McNeil would have loved that--but maybe not quite as much as he loved entomology and inspiring others to learn about insect science.
![This screen shot of a tweet by UC Davis distinguished professor Walter Leal shows Jeremy Nichol McNeil wearing a UC Davis T-shirt, This screen shot of a tweet by UC Davis distinguished professor Walter Leal shows Jeremy Nichol McNeil wearing a UC Davis T-shirt,](/blogs/blogcore/blogfiles/108096.png)
- Author: DIANA CERVANTES
A menudo subestimamos el impacto del humo de los incendios forestales, pero su efecto en la salud pública es significativo y creciente, especialmente en California. A continuación, te ofrecemos una guía rápida para protegerte a ti y a tu familia del humo de estos incendios.
La División de Agricultura y Recursos Naturales de la Universidad de California (UC ANR) ha producido una serie de videos e información relevante sobre los incendios y los efectos dañinos del humo. ¿Sabías que el humo de los incendios forestales es una mezcla compleja de compuestos químicos, como dióxido de carbono, vapor de agua y partículas finas, conocidas como PM2.5? Estas partículas pueden penetrar profundamente en los pulmones y causar problemas de salud graves. La exposición al humo de los incendios forestales está en aumento, por lo que es crucial estar preparado para protegerte y proteger a tu familia.
¿Qué es la Calidad del Aire?
La calidad del aire se refiere a la cantidad de contaminantes presentes en el aire que respiramos. Durante los incendios forestales, esta calidad puede deteriorarse rápidamente debido al aumento de partículas finas (PM2.5) y otros compuestos químicos en el humo. Comprender cómo se mide la calidad del aire y qué significan esos valores es fundamental para tomar medidas efectivas y salvaguardar nuestra salud.
Recomendaciones del Centro para el Control de Enfermedades (CDC)
El CDC aconseja a las personas con problemas pulmonares o cardíacos que tomen medidas adicionales, ya que son los grupos más vulnerables a los efectos del humo.
Medidas para mantener la calidad del aire
Las quemas prescritas son una herramienta importante para manejar los riesgos de incendios forestales y minimizar su impacto en la calidad del aire. Estas quemas controladas se realizan bajo condiciones específicas, ayudando a prevenir incendios forestales extremos y reduciendo así la cantidad de humo producido.
Consejos prácticos para protegerse del humo:
- Permanece en interiores: Mantén las ventanas y puertas cerradas para evitar que el humo entre en tu hogar.
- Usa purificadores de aire: Los purificadores de aire con filtros HEPA pueden ayudar a reducir la cantidad de partículas finas en el aire interior.
- Usa mascarillas adecuadas: Si necesitas salir, usa una mascarilla N95 que se ajuste bien para filtrar las partículas finas.
Monitoreo de la calidad del aire:
- Utiliza aplicaciones y sitios web como AirNow y PurpleAir para monitorear la calidad del aire en tiempo real y ajustar tus actividades según sea necesario.
Efectos Inmediatos en la Salud:
- Tos
- Dificultad para respirar normalmente
- Ardor en los ojos
- Irritación en la garganta
- Moqueo
- Irritación de los senos paranasales
- Sibilancias y dificultad para respirar
- Dolor de pecho
- Dolores de cabeza
- Ataques de asma
- Cansancio
- Latidos cardíacos acelerados
Posibles efectos a largo plazo:
La exposición repetida al humo de los incendios forestales puede tener efectos a largo plazo en la salud, como el desarrollo de enfermedades respiratorias crónicas, problemas cardiovasculares y una mayor susceptibilidad a infecciones respiratorias.
Recursos adicionales:
- Author: Michael Hsu
Quickly planting trees after wildfires crucial for communities, ecosystems, carbon goals
As the climate crisis fuels more high-severity wildfires, many forests – adapted to bounce back from frequent but less-intense fires – are struggling to recover quickly.
“In a lot of locations, forests in the Sierra Nevada that burn at high severity are not regenerating on their own,” said Susie Kocher, University of California Cooperative Extension forestry and natural resources advisor for the Central Sierra. “They need to have living trees to drop seeds; if everything dies in an intense fire, then there's a high likelihood in those locations that trees might not return for a while.”
According to Kocher, a forest may take multiple decades to grow back on its own, seeding in very slowly from the edges of a burn. To speed up that regeneration process, a pilot program of local “Emergency Forest Restoration Teams,” or EFRTs, have been helping forest landowners rapidly remove dead trees, plant new seedlings and expedite other vital tasks after wildfires.
Kocher is a co-author of a recently released report evaluating the EFRTs, which appear to be effective in assisting often-overwhelmed private landowners navigate competitive funding programs and complicated permitting pathways after wildfire. Small private landowners in California own 7 million acres, comprising 22% of forested land across the state.
“None of our current assistance programs were really designed to rapidly respond to high-severity fire disasters,” Kocher said. “And we're just getting so much more high-severity fire now that there needed to be a different way of helping people, besides business as usual.”
Lead agencies improve coordination of restoration efforts
Drawing from a successful model in Washington, Kocher and other members of the Governor's Forest Management Task Force recommended the formation of EFRTs in 2019 and this recommendation made it into the California Wildfire and Forest Resilience Action Plan of 2021.
Following the Caldor, Dixie and Tamarack fires during that year, disaster relief funds from CAL FIRE and the U.S. Forest Service enabled the establishment of pilot EFRTs in each of the affected regions. A key innovation was designating a local lead agency to coordinate restoration efforts: the El Dorado Resource Conservation District (Caldor), the Feather River Resource Conservation District (Dixie) and Alpine County (Tamarack).
“The idea is that one well-established local agency gets the funds to carry out all the reforestation work,” Kocher said. “They find contractors for the landowners and plan and carry out all the work needed, including dead tree removal, site preparation and replanting; this helps it be more coordinated across the landscape and reduces competition for contractors.”
“Also, for most of that work, there's no cost to the landowner – which is a huge benefit to them, because these things can get really expensive, like many thousands of dollars an acre,” Kocher added.
Although there was an initial steep learning curve for the local lead agencies on the complexities of reforestation and the maze of required permits, they quickly executed a significant number of forest restoration treatments. Within two years, the three pilot teams had collectively completed over 2,500 acres of dead tree removal and 1,400 acres of conifer planting.
“The overwhelming benefit of the pilots was that a lot of work got done on the ground, that otherwise would not have been done – at least not in the timeframe that was made possible by the EFRTs,” said Daylin Wade, a UCCE staff research associate and co-author of the recent report, who synthesized feedback from interviews of professionals involved in the program.
Rapid reforestation better financially, ecologically
Both Wade and Kocher underscored how the EFRTs were crucial in completing restoration tasks in a timely manner. Removal of dead wood becomes trickier and more expensive over time, as the trees decay and are dangerous to cut down.
“A major accomplishment was getting trees out of there while it was both safe and economically viable to remove those trees – and getting trees in the ground before shrubs dominate the site,” Wade explained.
It's also imperative to quickly remove the dead trees to reduce the fuel load and minimize the chances of re-burn in the area.
“If you're not doing this work, then you're actually endangering the investment that you're putting into rebuilding communities that burned, because they're in danger of burning again if you have huge piles of dead trees everywhere,” Kocher said.
Furthermore, expediting those tasks helps restore the forest cover that is crucial for sequestering carbon and achieving the goals of California's sweeping climate action plan – such as attaining carbon neutrality by 2045.
“We have very ambitious carbon goals for our forests in California, and so reestablishing them – even on private lands – is a public benefit,” Kocher said.
Evaluation of EFRTs by UC Cooperative Extension continues
In addition to enumerating the progress of the three EFRT case studies, the evaluation report also lists recommendations to further enhance the program, such as securing rapid and flexible funding for future EFRTs, improving guidance for local lead agencies and streamlining permitting processes.
The authors also stressed the need to expand opportunities for the commercial sale of woody material in the aftermath of a wildfire event. Selling logs and wood chips reduces the volume of material that would need to processed onsite by the EFRTs and their contractors, thereby defraying some of the costs for that work.
But there simply hasn't been a sufficient market for that woody biomass.
“It's a big barrier,” Kocher said. “If we had a healthier timber market, it would be easier to make this stuff pay its own way and be less of a subsidized endeavor.”
UC Cooperative Extension's EFRT evaluation work – made possible by funding from the U.S. Forest Service State, Private and Tribal Forestry, Region 5 – will continue for the next couple years. On the heels of this first report, Wade will next gather and summarize feedback from private landowners on whether the EFRTs are meeting their goals.
And, later this summer and fall, researchers will begin assessing the ecological success of the plantings in the restoration areas, surveying seedling survival and gauging the volume of competing vegetation.
“It's hugely encouraging that we've gotten all these trees in the ground, but it's not the end of the process – it's just the beginning,” Kocher said. “Trees and forests need to be maintained over time, so this next step will let us see how successful that has been, and if there are additional steps needed to actually ensure that these trees succeed and thrive.”
The full report, dedicated to the memory of report co-author and UCCE advisor Ryan Tompkins, can be found at https://ucanr.edu/efrt.
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