Phytoplasma Diseases of Palms in the USA
Robert R Krueger1 and Brian W Bahder2
1USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus & Date, Riverside, CA
2Dept of Entomology & Nematology, University of Florida Fort Lauderdale Research & Education Center, Davie, FL
Phytoplasmas are plant pathogenic bacteria that lack cell walls and have reduced genomes. Their taxonomy has historically been based upon 16S ribosomal gene sequences. Since they have not been cultured to date, they are classified as Candidatus Phytoplasma spp. Phytoplasmas of various taxonomic designations have been associated with or shown to cause diseases in a wide range of cultivated and wild plant species. In recent years, long-established and newly reported declines or diseases of palms have been associated with phytoplasmas. Although there are reports of phytoplasma-associated diseases of palms in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, this brief review will focus on reports from the United States.
The earliest reported disease of palms that was later associated with Phytoplasma infection was Lethal Yellows (LY). LY is a disease which attacks and kills coconut palms (Cocos nucifera). LY was first reported in Jamaica in 1891 and much later (1972) associated with a phytoplasma (Tsai and Harrison 2003), which was later identified as being in the taxonomic sub-group 16SrIV-A (Harrrison et al. 2002a). An epiphytotic of LY occurred in southern Florida in the 1960's to 1970's (Tsai and Harrison 2003). During this outbreak Phoenix spp., which in Florida were planted as ornamentals or present in germplasm collections or botanic gardens were also shown to be susceptible. This was evidenced by the presence of mycoplasma-like bodies observed in tissues via electron microscopy (Thomas 1974, 1979; Howard et al. 1979). Phoenix dacytlifera was more susceptible to decline than other Phoenix spp., being equivalent in this regard to C. nucifera (Howard and Barrant 1989), although the symptomology was distinct compared to that in C. nucifera (McCoy et al. 1983). The vector of LY in Coconut palm was demonstrated to be the planthopper Haplaxius crudus van Duzee, and this was assumed to be the vector transmitting LY to Phoenix spp. as well (Howard et al. 1983, 1984).
There's a lot more to this story: https://ceventura.ucanr.edu/Com_Ag/Subtropical/?newsletteritem=100493
Foliar yellowing symptoms of Lethal Yellows on Coconut palm. Photo credit: NA Harrison
![Phytoplasma disease palm Phytoplasma disease palm](/blogs/blogcore/blogfiles/107468.png)
- Author: Bob Niklewicz, MG at the Fuller Park Rose Garden
August in the Master Gardener's Rose Cycle chart (https://napamg.ucanr.edu/files/254549.pdf) indicates we have a lot of deadheading to do on our 50 bushes. In addition, ideally we should add some fresh mulch around the trunk out to the drip line of the bush. The drip line being the widest area below where the branches can reach. A well decomposed mulch, spread lightly over that area, will nourish the bush for several months. Mulch will cool the soil, retain moisture, reduce weed growth,and will fully decompose.
Deadheading encourages the rose to continue producing buds and color for the next couple of months. Keeping the center of the bushes open to air circulation is a must. Dying canes or crossing stems should be cleared out, as well. Check the irritation systems for the proper amount of water provided and to make sure there are no leaks or breaks in the system.
You will see more pests in the rose bushes this time of year. Aphids are a very common soft bodied problem. In low populations, aphids can be dealt with easily and effectively by washing aphids off your plants with a blast of plain water from the hose or just ignored. A dense infestation of aphids can treated with an insecticidal soap spra. The soap covers and smothers the soft body pest. Or for a quick kill you can rub them between your fingers (FYI: always wear gloves in the rose garden). You could also just be patient and let natural predators control them. Local natural enemies include lacewings, soldier beetles, lady beetles, earwigs and small parasitic wasps. Source: https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/
ROSE of the MONTH: The “LIVIN' EASY”
The “Livin' Easy” is one of the most productive roses in the garden. It is also known as “Harwelcome” in some circles. It was developed in England in 1992. It is a floribunda with a moderate fruit/sweet smell. It is a pale orange or dark apricot color, the backs are slightly paler and the center is more yellow. It has copious blooms most of the year. It is notable in our garden in that is one of the largest bushes that also has massive thorns. Sniff, but not too close is a wise approach to this bush. It is located near the water fountain in the SE corner of the garden.
Remember when pruning to toss that plant debris into your city compost bin and NOT your own compost pile. The Napa City compost center produces higher temperatures to destroy the spores while your backyard pile will not do so. When it comes to add mulch, consider getting it from the Napa recycling center.
If you have questions about the Fuller Park Rose Garden and the Master Gardeners (M.G.s) who maintain that Rose Garden, the M.G.'s are usually in the Garden the first Sunday and third Thursday of each month between 10:00 and 12:00, weather permitting.
Napa Master Gardeners are available to answer garden questions by email: mastergardeners@countyofnapa.org. or phone at 707-253-4143. Volunteers will get back to you after they research answers to your questions. You can also go to our Master Gardner website: napamg.ucanr.edu for more details.
Photo Credits: Bob Niklewicz
/span>- Author: Cassandra Walker, UC Master Gardener of Napa County
Napa County home gardeners are fortunate to have a variety of gardening resources at their fingertips. The UC Master Gardeners of Napa County website has a lot of helpful information if you know where to look. Check out the website at https://napamg.ucanr.edu and follow along as I guide you through some of its features.
Notice the tabs at the top of the home page. Click on the “Garden Questions?” tab, which takes you to the help desk portal. You can email or call the Master Gardener help desk with a brief description of your problem. A Master Gardener will get back to you with some expert help.
Scroll down the Garden Questions page until you see “Gardening Resources” and a link to “Garden Books and Resources.” Click on that link and you will find a wealth of information ranging from Healthy Garden Tips to the UC IPM's Plant Problem Diagnostic Tool. Click on that UC IPM link to access the University of California database for analyzing plant problems. Enter the plant name, damaged part, and type of damage, and you will get actionable information on how to treat your problem. The Help Desk and Garden Questions pages on the Master Gardener website are your go-to sections for advice.
Let's explore other home page icons. Say you are interested in tomatoes. Return to the Garden Questions page and click on the Tomato Info link to get started with your research. You'll find a link to advice on site selection. (Bottom line: Choose a sunny and convenient spot.) Maybe you have questions about the best time to plant. You'll find a link to that information as well. (Bottom line: When the soil is warm.).
The tomato-growing resources also include useful planting tips, advice on how to support your plants and information on tomato pests and diseases. You'll also find a link at the bottom of that page to “Growing Tomatoes in your Home Garden.” This document, from a prior workshop, is full of information about tomato varieties and growing advice.
See the section on Planting and Support? Click on that link and you'll find guidance on various types of tomato support strategies, including how to use string and wood stakes to build your own cages. The section on Watering and Fertilizing will advise you on those two key tasks, including a reminder to water the soil, not the foliage. If you have questions about pests or diseases that are affecting your plants, the section on Pests and Disorders can help with solutions to common problems.
Don't forget to explore the other Tomato Info Links on the right side of this page. There you'll find planting guides, trackers, and suggestions for culinary uses. Note also the links to previous UC Master Gardener workshops and talks. If you have only a small outdoor space and would like to grow tomatoes in containers, it's not too late. You'll find a Library Talk on just that topic; click on the link to watch the recorded workshop.
Now go back to the home page and find the Public Events tab at the top. If you are looking for something educational to do this weekend, check out the schedule of Master Gardener workshops and community events. You'll find many opportunities to learn. The Master Gardener Calendar of upcoming public events is also on the home page.
On Saturday, July 27, Napa County Master Gardeners are hosting a workshop on succulents. You can get more information and sign up by clicking the link. Maybe you would like to know more about caring for native oaks on your property. We'll have a Library Talk on that topic on Thursday, September 5. Also on the website's home page is a link to all our past newspaper columns, a great resource.
I've covered just a small sample of the information available to you on the UC Master Gardeners of Napa County website. I hope you're inspired to dig deeper.
Napa County Master Gardeners is a volunteer organization whose mission is to share research on a variety of horticultural practices. If you are interested in becoming a Master Gardener, click on the “Want to BEE a Master Gardener?” link on the home page.
Workshop: Join UC Master Gardeners of Napa County for “Succulent/Dry Garden: Double Your Pleasure - Double Your Fun” on Saturday, July 27, from 10 am to noon, at Las Flores Learning Garden, 4300 Linda Vista Avenue, Napa. Do you know the five most common ways succulents reproduce? Learn their secrets and how you can increase your plant collection or add to your low-water landscape through succulent plant propagation. Register here.
Library Talk: Join UC Master Gardeners of Napa County and Napa County Library for a talk on “Fabulous Ferns, Indoors and Out “ on Thursday, August 1, from 7 pm to 8 pm via Zoom. Ferns are an accommodating family of plants ranging in size from tiny to behemoth. Some species grow in air and others in water, as well as in just about any type of soil. Enjoy an overview of these remarkable plants and find the perfect one for your space. Register to receive the Zoom link.
Fall Faire: Join the UC Master Gardeners of Napa County for an entertaining and educational event on Saturday, September 28, from 1 pm to 4 pm, outdoors at University of California Cooperative Extension, 1710 Soscol Avenue, Napa. Enjoy exhibits on composting, monarch butterflies, succulents, water conservation, bees and more. The program includes activities for kids, a scarecrow contest, giveaways, and music. Admission is free.
Help Desk: The Master Gardener Help Desk is available to answer your garden questions on Mondays and Fridays from 10 am until 1 pm at the University of California Cooperative Extension Office, 1710 Soscol Avenue, Suite 4, Napa. Or send your questions to mastergardeners@countyofnapa.org. Include your name, address, phone number and a brief description.
Become a Master Gardener Volunteer: UC Master Gardeners of Napa County is now accepting applications for the Class of 2025. Visit napamg.ucanr.edu to read the informational brochure, then register to attend a mandatory information session for applicants. Application deadline is 5 pm on September 25.
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
So much to see and do, and so many moth experts will be on hand to answer your questions.
It's all in keeping with National Moth Week.
The event, free and family friendly, will take place inside and outside the Bohart Museum, located in Room 1124 of the Academic Surge Building, 455 Crocker Lane, UC Davis, as well as in the hallway of Academic Surge,and outside.
Moth'ers Peter Coggan, a doctoral student in the laboratory of Santiago Ramirez, UC Davis Department of Evolution and Ecology, and his father, Peter Coggan of northern Minnesota, and active in the Minnesota chapter of National Dark Skies, will staff a moth sensory booth.
Together they can address such topics as moth sensory biology, husbandry, trapping, and light pollution.
The younger Coggan, a member of the UC Davis Population Biology Graduate Group, was born and raised in Boulder, Colo., where he developed a love for biodiversity in the surrounding mountains. He is broadly interested in how sensory processing shapes memory formation and other cognitive traits. He is currently investigating "how hover flies decide which flowers to visit based on innate color preference and learned odors." He began conducting research in high school and has participated in projects from cancer diagnostics to waste water management. He received a bachelor of science in biology from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland. As an undergraduate, he worked with Dr. Mark Willis and studied how moths perceive smell while moving through a complex environment. Coggan anticipates a career in academia and "to continue to raise awareness about invertebrates."
Jeff Smith, curator of the Lepidoptera collection, and Bohart associate Greg Kareofelas will show moth specimens and answer questions. The Bohart Museum's global collection of 8 million insects includes some 825,454 specimens of moths and butterflies, incluing 618,750 moths, ranging in size from the huge Atlas moths (10-inch wingspan) to the extremely tiny (4 mm wingspan) leafminer moths.”
Moth'er Volkmar Heinrich, UC Davis associate professor of biomedical engineering, will be displaying his images of moths and answering questions.Silks of the world also will be displayed, announced Tabatha Yang, education and outreach coordinator.
In the hallway, visitors can view wing scales and antennae through microscopes at a table staffed by Iris Quayle, doctoral student in the lab of Professor Jason Bond, director of the Bohart Museum, the Evert and Marion Schlinger Endowed Chair, UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology, and associate dean, Agricultural Sciences, UC Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.
The petting zoo, featuring Madagascar hissing cockroaches and stick insects, also is scheduled to include Polyphemus caterpillars, "if they haven't all pupated," Yang said. The caterpillars will turn into silk moths. Staffing the petting zoo are UC Davis undergraduate student Kaitai Liu and doctoral candidate Emma Jochim of the Bond lab.
The family craft activity will involve making caterpillar stress balls in a cocoon bag, donned with leaves on the outside.
A free public snack of hot chocolate and cookies will be offered, Yang said.
Outside on the grounds, Bohart research associate John "Moth Man" De Benedictus and his colleagues will set up a blacklighting display (a white sheet and a UV light to attract moths and other night-flying insects). De Benedictis has amassed a moth collection of some 600 species from the Stebbins Cold Canyon Reserve and 300 species from his backyard in Davis. He received a grant from the former Institute of Ecology to study moths at the Stebbins Cold Canyon Reserve where he collected from 1989 until the last major fire in 2020.
“I began a similar inventory of the species in my backyard after I purchased my home in 1998," De Benedictis said. "It continues to this day, and a synoptic collection of the 300 or so species that I've collected in my yard is housed alongside the Cold Canyon collection in the Bohart Museum.” Graduate student Grace Horne of the lab of urban landscape entomologist Emily Meineke, Department of Entomology and Nematology, is analyzing the data from these studies as part of her doctoral research.
DeBenedictus retired in 2001 from the UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology, where he worked as a staff research assistant from 1995 to 2001 in the laboratory of medical entomologist Tom Scott. De Benedictis, who holds a master's degree in entomology from UC Berkeley, studied with noted professor Jerry Powell (1933-2023), emeritus director of the Essig Museum of Entomology.
Worldwide, scientists have described about 18,000 species of butterflies and 180,000 species of moths, "and hundreds of newly named species are added every year," Smith said. "It's also believed that we may know of no more than 10-15 percent of the species actually out there, with the small 'micro-Lepidoptera' likely with over 90 percent of the species in the world still unknown. This emphasizes the importance of preserving natural environments so things don't go extinct before we can ever recognize their importance to the Earth and their relationships in their habitats."
![UC Davis doctoral student Peter Coggan (Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey) UC Davis doctoral student Peter Coggan (Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey)](/blogs/blogcore/blogfiles/107903.jpg)
![Peter Coggan of northern Minnesota is a moth'er and a member of the board of the Minnesota chapter of National Dark Skies. His son, Peter, also a moth'er, is a UC Davis doctoral student. Peter Coggan of northern Minnesota is a moth'er and a member of the board of the Minnesota chapter of National Dark Skies. His son, Peter, also a moth'er, is a UC Davis doctoral student.](/blogs/blogcore/blogfiles/107904.jpg)
- Author: Mike Hsu
El programa CalFresh Healthy Living y Jardineros Maestros de UC se unen a la organización no lucrativa MORE en el condado de El Dorado
Cosechan frutas y verduras, aprenden sobre las partes comestibles de una planta y plagas y participan en una serie de clases sobre cocina saludable y segura, todo con el objetivo de desarrollar sus destrezas dirigidas a vivir una vida más independiente y sana.
Ellos son un grupo de adultos con discapacidades intelectuales y de desarrollo que participa en los programas que ofrece la organización no lucrativa MORE, en el condado de El Dorado.
Pero MORE no lo hace sola, ha descubierto en el personal y voluntarios de los programas Jardineros Maestros de la Universidad de California y de CalFresh Healthy Living, UC, a sus almas gemelas en la tarea de ayudar a sus clientes a vivir vidas más plenas y saludables.
Desde el 2018, estos programas – afiliados a la División de Agricultura y Recursos Naturales de UC – han ayudado a enriquecer las vidas de aproximadamente 60 clientes de la organización MORE, la cual ofrece servicios que van desde el desarrollo de destrezas para una vida independiente hasta capacitación laboral y colocación de empleos.
“Esta es exactamente el tipo de colaboración con la comunidad que nos gusta”, señaló Susie Davies, directora general de MORE, quien ha trabajado con la organización ubicada en Placerville durante 40 años. “Esto ha sido increíble; nuestra gente ha aprendido sobre nutrición y jardinera más allá de lo que pudiéramos habernos imaginado”.
Durante una de las sesiones, los clientes de MORE disfrutaron preparando una “ensalada con partes de plantas”, dando continuidad a la lección de botánica sobre los componentes comestibles de las plantas – frutas, raíces, hojas, semillas y tallos.
“Fue divertido cortar el apio y broccoli”, expresó Jared (se usan solo los nombres para proteger su privacidad). “Me gusta verter la salsa”.
“Me gusta todo sobre crear la ensalada”, mencionó por su parte Deanne, otra participante.
“MORE es el sitio soñado, el mejor al que jamás podría aspirar, con el programa y los clientes que son encantadores y realmente siempre dispuestos a todo”, dijo McLaughlin, educadora de nutrición de CalFresh Healthy Living de la oficina de Extensión Cooperativa de UC en Central Sierra. “Es un lugar para estar, realmente genial”.
CalFresh Healthy Living UC es una de las organizaciones en California que enseña sobre nutrición a las personas que son elegibles a los beneficios del Programa de Asistencia Nutricional Suplementaria, conocido por sus siglas en inglés como SNAP). UC Davis administra el subsidio de SNAP-Ed y los educadores de Extensión Cooperativa de UC ofrecen las clases en todo el estado.
‘Parte de nuestra familia MORE'
A través del programa de nutrición y jardinería, los clientes aprenden y aplican sus habilidades en el huerto e invernadero de las instalaciones de MORE en el cercano Huerto de Demostración Sherwood administrado por Jardineros Maestros de UC en el condado de El Dorado.
“Es un programa muy bueno”, indicó Tony, un cliente de MORE. “Puedo aprender cosas”.
Además de sentirse orgullosos de llevar productos frescos a sus casas o a la cocina de MORE para ser usados en el servicio de comida, los clientes también están llevando consigo recetas nutritivas y saludables. Jordan Postlewait, director de programas de acceso comunitario en MORE, dijo que los participantes ahora saben cómo usar ingredientes del huerto para crear platillos como la salsa de tomate y ensalada de frutas.
“Se llevan las recetas que Cailin les da y llegan a casa y sirven a todo su grupo en casa lo que hicimos como bocadillo”, dijo Postlewait. “Están poniendo atención a lo que están comiendo”.
Como resultado de esta consciencia y conocimiento sobre alimentos nutritivos, Davies señaló que los clientes de MORE están más saludables, más energizados y alertas y listos para aprender. Ella se apresura a dar crédito de ello a la experiencia y entusiasmo de McLaughlin, a la coordinadora del programa CalFresh Healthy Living de UCCE, Mariana García y al personal y voluntarios de Jardineros Maestros de UC.
“Tienen la misma dedicación y compromiso a la excelencia que nuestro personal en su preparación para cada sesión”, expresó. “Simplemente se convirtieron en parte de nuestra familia MORE”.
“Me gusta ver a Cailin y Tracy y todo el personal que son mis amigos”, expresó Kenion, cliente de MORE.
Las clases de cocina crean posibilidades para pasar tiempo en la cocina y encontrar empleo
En abril, dos grupos, cada uno compuesto por seis personas, empezaron a participar en un nuevo curso de seis sesiones que combina nutrición, seguridad alimentaria y técnicas básicas de cocina. Cada sesión de dos horas incluyo una lección de nutrición, una actividad física y tiempo en la cocina comercial de MORE.
“Fue divertido meterme a la cocina y aprender a preparar mis propias comidas”, dijo Jared. “Aprendí cómo usar una sartén pequeña”.
Kyle, otro participante, indicó que usa las recetas para cocinar para sus compañeros de vivienda. “Me gustó aprender nuevas destreza y recetas para cocinar”, manifestó.
McLaughlin tomó un currículo sobre alimentación saludable dirigido a jóvenes, aprobado por CalFresh Healthy Living de UC y lo adaptó para los adultos en MORE.
“Todo el objetivo es acercarlos más a una vida independiente, ya sea que vivan en instalaciones para grupos o cuenten con su propio departamento – aprender cómo cocinar e identificar recetas saludables, son un enorme componente en ello”, explicó McLaughlin.
Las experiencias culinarias guiadas – y equipo para cocinar como cuchillos de plástico seguros– no solo benefician a los participantes, sino que también les da a sus familiares la seguridad y confianza de incluirlos en la preparación de las comidas.
“En realidad el personal de MORE y también los padres de algunos clientes nos han preguntado que dónde obtuvimos los cuchillos, porque les gustaría incluir a su familiar en la cocina con ellos, si lo pueden hacer de manera segura”, dijo McLaughlin. “No sabían que existían cosas como los cuchillos seguros. No sabían que se puede adaptar un protector de silicona para alimentos para evitar que se quemen con el quemador”.
Además de mejorar el tiempo familiar de los clientes, las lecciones sobre cocina también los pueden preparar para un empleo en el futuro. Davies mencionó que está en pláticas con un chef local sobre la posibilidad de establecer un entrenamiento culinario para los clientes.
McLaughlin indicó que los participantes anteriores han expresado interés de servir como ayudantes y mentores de cocinas para las futuras sesiones de la serie de cocina y seguridad alimentaria.
Los colaboradores nutren la relación de los clientes con la naturaleza y comunidad
Empoderar a los clientes con nuevas destrezas y fomentar el sentido de pertenencia del huerto son dos piedras angulares de los programas de colaboración. A principios del 2019, cada participante de MORE adoptó un árbol en el Jardín de Demostración Sherwood para cuidarlo y nutrirlo.
“Casi todo el tiempo que vienen al huerto, revisan esos árboles frutales”, manifestó Celio. “Estos árboles hacen muchas cosas durante todo el año, así que siguen el ciclo: ven caer las hojas; ven surgir la fruta; ven lo que una helada le hace a su árbol; ven lo que las plagas le hacen a su árbol”.
Los participantes experimentan los retos de la jardinería – desde el manejo de conejos y ardillas, hasta sufrir la pérdida de un peral debido a una enfermedad – además de sus muchas alegrías.
“Me gusta ver las mariposas y diferentes plantas; las mariposas beben de los arbustos”, señaló Jen, clienta de MORE. “Mi cosa favorita es el jardín de rosas”.
Al mismo tiempo, los clientes han construido relaciones sólidas con el grupo principal de voluntarios de Jardinero Maestro de UC y la docena de integrantes de la “cuadrilla” de voluntarios del huerto. Celio destacó que los programas de huertos, que fueron recientemente reconocidos por el programa estatal de Jardinero Maestros de UC con el Premio en Busca Excelencia, son realmente unos colaboradores.
Los participantes de MORE con frecuencia aportan sus propias ideas; uno de ellos, por ejemplo, se interesó en hacer composta y trabajó con el personal de MORE para establecer una caja con gusanos en el huerto de las instalaciones de MORE.
“Cada vez que veo a ese cliente, me cuenta cómo les va a los gusanos y lo saludables que son las plantas que crecen al lado de la caja de gusanos”, dijo Celio, para agregar que también trabajó en una de las mesas durante la feria de MORE, enseñando a otros clientes y sus familias sobre vermicultura.
Usando una herramienta en línea y una aplicación, 12 clientes han tomado fotos y compartidos comentarios sobre su experiencia de salud y bienestar en MORE, específicamente sobre su sendero para caminar. Con esa información, están trabajando para hacer más seguro y agradable ese recorrido.
Responder a sus comentarios, junto con los otros programas de colaboración que están construyendo habilidades vitales y comunidades, demuestra a los clientes de MORE que se les aprecia y respeta.
“La petición por parte de las personas que servimos es que desean ser vistos, escuchados y valorados por otros miembros de la comunidad”, manifestó Davies. “Y esto es realmente para demostrarles que se les valora y se les ve y escucha".
Adaptado al español por Leticia Irigoyen del artículo en inglés . Editado por Diana Cervantes.