- (Public Value) UCANR: Safeguarding abundant and healthy food for all Californians
- Author: Dylan Beal
Hello everyone, I'm the new UC IPM Entomology Advisor serving the communities of Monterey, Santa Cruz, and San Benito Counties. Born and raised in the Santa Clarita Valley, I'm excited to return to my home state of California.
Inspired by a lifelong passion for insects, I pursued bachelor of science in degrees in Entomology and Plant Pathology at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY. At Cornell, I was first exposed to the world of cooperative extension, working in a lab to study and support natural enemies of spider mites, aphids, thrips, fungus gnats, and whiteflies in greenhouses.
In partnership with Montpellier SupAgro and the Università degli Studi di Torino, I received a Master of Science degree in Viticulture and Enology. For my master's thesis, I worked with Italian grape growers on understanding the ecology and management of leafhopper vectors of the pathogen responsible for European grapevine yellows (Flavescence dorée phytoplasma).
For my PhD, I studied Environmental Science, Policy, and Management at the University of California, Berkeley. At Berkeley, I worked with grape growers and cooperative extension advisors in Napa and Sonoma county to understand the role of spittlebug insect vectors in spreading Xylella fastidiosa, the bacteria responsible for Pierce's disease of grapevine.
After Berkeley, I have worked as a postdoc at Washington State University with cherry and blueberry growers to adapt and adopt innovative and internationally recognized practices for sustainable management of Spotted-Wing Drosophila (SWD). As part of that work, I have closely partnered with growers, pest control advisors, USDA scientists, cooperative extension advisors, and industry representatives on SWD projects related to biological control, cultural control, behavioral control, and pesticide resistance screening and management. Additionally, I was part of a team that worked to coordinate SWD management with the management of the leafhopper vectors of X-Disease phytoplasma in cherry.
With 15 years of experience in New York, California, Washington State, France, and Italy, I'm excited to collaborate with you all to support the development and adoption of innovative, cost-effective, and sustainable insect pest management practices. I aim to develop partnerships, lifelong relationships, and projects that center and elevate grower voices, experiences, and leadership. Together, I hope that we can not only address the threat that agricultural insect pests pose to our three counties but also help to support the many communities and ecosystems that interface with our agricultural livelihoods. Please feel free to reach out to me at 831-759-7359 or djbeal@ucanr.edu. The Bug Doctor is in to look at any insects you may find!
- Author: Michael D Cahn
California water-rights holders are required by state law to measure and report the water they divert from surface streams. For people who wish to take the water measurements themselves, the University of California Cooperative Extension is offering in-person training to receive certification on Sept. 13 in Salinas.
At the workshop, participants can expect to
- clarify reporting requirements for ranches.
- understand what meters are appropriate for different situations.
- learn how to determine measurement equipment accuracy.
- develop an understanding of measurement weirs.
- learn how to calculate and report volume from flow data.
The training is scheduled for 1 to 5 p.m. on Sept. 13 in the UC Cooperative Extension Conference Room at 1432 Abbott Street in Salinas.
"We are limiting the number participants for the water measurement training to 30 people per session," said Larry Forero, emeritus UC Cooperative Extension livestock and natural resources advisor. "If you need this training, please register soon."
Pre-registration is required and the fee is $30. To register, visit the registration site by clicking here. If you have questions, email Forero at lcforero@ucanr.edu or Sara Jaimes at sbjaimes@ucanr.edu or call (530) 224-4900.
Background:
Senate Bill 88 requires that all water right holders who have previously diverted, or intend to divert, more than 10 acre-feet per year (riparian and pre-1914 claims); or who are authorized to divert more than 10 acre-feet per year under a permit, license or registration; to measure and report the water they divert. Regulatory requirements for measurement and reporting are available on the State Water Resources Control Board Reporting and Measurement Regulation webpage. The legislation requires that installation and certification of measurement methods for diversion (or storage) greater than or equal to 100-acre feet annually be approved by an engineer/contractor/professional.
California Cattlemen's Association worked with Assemblyman Bigelow to allow a self-certification option. Assembly Bill 589, which became law in 2018, allows any water diverter who completes this UC Cooperative Extension course on measurement devices and methods (including passage of a proficiency test) to be considered a qualified individual when installing and maintaining devices or implementing methods of measurement.
- Author: Michael Hsu
Nut orchard hygiene key to control carpophilus beetle, say UCCE, UC Integrated Pest Management experts
Since the first reports of a new almond pest – the carpophilus beetle (Carpophilus truncatus) – came in during fall 2023, it has become clear that the beetle is widely dispersed across the San Joaquin Valley.
“My lab has identified infestations from every county in the San Joaquin Valley; we have found infestations in both almonds and pistachios, and we will likely find infestations in walnuts this fall,” said Houston Wilson, a University of California Cooperative Extension entomology specialist at UC Riverside. The California Department of Food and Agriculture has confirmed the beetle's presence in Stanislaus, Merced, Madera and Kings counties.
Historically a major threat to almond production in Australia, the beetle – as larvae and adults – feeds directly on the nut kernel. In California, some almond growers have lost 10 to 15% of their yield – a “significant economic loss,” according to Jhalendra Rijal, University of California integrated pest management (IPM) advisor for the region. Given the prominence of almonds as a commodity, even a 1% overall reduction statewide represents an approximately $70 million loss.
“This year there has been a lot more reports from PCAs [pest control advisers]; they're sending me the pictures of the damage and beetles,” said Rijal, noting that the increase is likely due to greater awareness of the pest.
To help almond growers identify the carpophilus beetle and develop management plans, Rijal, Wilson and their IPM colleagues have put together a visual ID guide for the beetle and the damage it causes, as well as telltale signs of navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) and ant damage. In particular, the experts would like PCAs and growers to differentiate between the carpophilus beetle and navel orangeworm, another key pest in almonds.
“Even though their way of causing damage looks more or less similar, we're dealing with two different types of insects,” Rijal explained. “One is a Lepidoptera moth [navel orangeworm], and the other one is a beetle – many of the management practices and biological controls would be different for these two different things.”
To control carpophilus beetle, ‘sanitize, sanitize, sanitize'
One crucial cultural practice for managing both pests, however, is destroying the remnant “mummy” nuts – the nuts that remain in the orchard postharvest. They serve as overwintering habitat for the carpophilus beetle, as well as its sustenance for the next generation of beetles in spring.
“The best way to manage this pest is to do the orchard hygiene – continuing the winter sanitation, destroying the nuts that are on the ground and on the tree and on the berms,” Rijal said.
Based on observations in Australia and locally, carpophilus beetles tend to rely more on mummies on the ground, whereas navel orangeworm generally favors mummies in the tree canopy. Correctly identifying the pest – with help from the new ID guide – enables growers to better target and prioritize their management efforts, Rijal said.
“What we are strongly emphasizing is that growers need to sanitize, sanitize, sanitize to control both pests,” Wilson added.
Correct identification of the pest would also prevent unnecessary application of insecticides, as those used for controlling Lepidoptera such as navel orangeworm would be largely ineffective on the beetle.
Indeed, another insight shared by Australian experts is that the carpophilus beetle cannot be controlled just by insecticide.
“Insecticides are not very efficient, given the cryptic nature of these beetles; exposing these beetles to the insecticide is very hard,” said Rijal, noting that the beetle spends most of its life cycle protected inside the nut.
Reporting carpophilus beetle infestation helps researchers
This harvest season, Rijal advises almond growers to harvest as efficiently as possible, to minimize the number of mummies that need to be cleaned up. And because signs of damage (like damaged hulls and frass) are most obvious during harvest time, Rijal said growers should review the new guide, using the photos and other resources to help identify potential pests.
If the grower or PCA suspects a carpophilus beetle infestation, they should contact the UCCE farm advisor in their area.
Scientists are looking to expand their knowledge about this relatively new pest to California. In the coming weeks, for example, researchers are planning to survey for the carpophilus beetle in the Sacramento Valley.
“Technically it has not been found there, but we suspect that we'll find it this fall when we go looking for it,” Wilson said.
Researchers are also collecting samples from infested orchards to better understand the biology of the species, as well as how it progresses through and responds to seasonal and climactic changes. In addition, they are analyzing data from a trial study of an insecticide that might be used as a supplemental control measure.
“This is our first full season dealing with this insect, and there are still many things we need to understand,” Rijal said. “We are continuing our research efforts on all fronts.”
/h3>/h3>/h3>- Author: Thomas J Getts
I have gotten quite a few calls about blister beetles this year. There was a newspaper article up in Modoc that caused some stir, and was picked up by a lot of social media pages. So, what are blister beetles and why do we care?
Blister beetles get their name for a reason. They contain the toxin cantharidin, which can be excreted when they are threatened, or crushed which causes bad blisters on the skin. While this is problematic they typically are not drawn to humans, and blisters can be avoided by not handling them. Where they pose a larger problem is as a contaminant of hay, where they can be crushed/killed and incorporated into a bale posing as a potential toxin to be consumed by livestock.
Photo One: Blister Beetle on Musk Thistle next to a Roadway
Let's take a step back. What are blister beetles and why are they a subject of conversation now? There are numerous native blister beetles in California. Some are striped, some are brightly colored, but most of the ones I have been seeing are black or grey. The immature larvae of blister beetles feed on the eggs of grasshoppers or ground dwelling bees. I don't have to tell anyone in the Intermountain region, we have had quite a few bad grasshopper years which has led to an increase in blister beetle populations. Typically, the adults lay eggs right on top of the egg beds of grasshoppers. I'd be on the lookout for blister beetles the rest of this year, and definitely next year as they feast on the eggs underground. (So, they are not all bad as they kill some hoppers!).
Photo Two: Grasshoppers flying away from an ATV in a pasture up in Modoc County
As adults, they can consume forage, but typically they are drawn to flowers and consume pollen. (Different species have different preferences.) I have mainly seen them on roadsides, trail sides, and rangelands where there are flowering plants. In hay fields I have only seen them in “native hay pastures” that have wildflowers. However I have gotten reports of them being on the edges of some alfalfa fields that have started to go to bloom.
For livestock generally they are only problematic when they get caught up in a bale. How many is too many? This is a good question. Numerous extension publications cite research done back in the 80's looking at how many blister beetles it would take to kill a horse (horses are more susceptible to the toxin than cattle of sheep). As with all toxin's it often depends on numerous factors, and there is not a single number of beetles that will kill a horse every time. The amount of toxin per beetle can vary by species of beetle as well as within species of beetle. From the research done in the 80's the cantharidin content per beetle ranges from 0.5mg to 5mg, and is toxic to horses at the tune of 1mg/kg. This means that there can be a huge range of how many beetles it will take to kill a horse (see table one). With that being said while it may take a significant number of beetles to kill a horse, as few as five beetles can start to cause colic.
Table one: Adapted from Capinera et al. 1985. J. Econ. Entomol. 78:1052-55.
So, what do you do about the beetles? One of the best things to do is scout fields before they are cut to make sure you do not have them in the field. While it might be counter your management objectives to maximize yield during the mid-season cuttings, cutting alfalfa or clover before bloom can reduce the incentive of beetles to move into hay fields. It is also important the keep a clean hay field, and reduce the number of weeds that may flower in the field drawing the beetles in. There are insecticides like (Sevin- carbaryl, or Warrior- lambda-cyhalothrin) which are effective at killing blister beetles in forages, but may pose their own drawbacks. While most of the beetles should die and fall down to the ground after an insecticide application, there is still some potential for them to be incorporated into the hay during the cutting and raking process. Likewise, the pre harvest intervals for these materials can delay cutting and could require driving over a lot of hay, if an aerial applicator is not available. Cutting around infested patches or isolating/discarding hay that may be contaminated, could be a prudent strategy. Likewise waiting until the beetles move out of the field could be an option.
Photo Three: Blister beetles on clover in a "native" hay meadow in the Intermountian region
There are over 300 species of blister beetles in North America, and not all have been tested for their Cantharidin content. When haying especially using modern equipment with conditioners, I urge you to be cautious, and take time to scout fields before cutting, especially if that hay is going to the horse market.
For more information there are some excellent extension publications online from UCIPM, Colorado State University and North Dakota State.
Photo Five: Blister Beetle on Feral Rye next to the Susan River in Lassen County
- Author: Alison Collin
This year I was determined to create the “model garden” that I have long dreamed about, but those dreams of neat, weed-free rows of vegetables, trees hanging with fruit, and armfuls of flowers are far from being fulfilled. In fact, I have had a garden of pestilence and disease on a scale that I have never faced before.
In accordance with modern ideas of “gardening with nature” last fall, I spread compost and rotted manure in liberal quantities. I left leaves on the ground in order to afford some protection to plants and beneficial insects in our high desert location. This resulted in my seeing the first grasshopper – a whopper – on January 26, followed shortly after that, by clouds of leaf-hoppers erupting from some mulch that I had put over my strawberry plants and blackberry roots. It was not apparent that the beneficial insects gained the same advantage.
Carefully nurtured spring transplants, often consisting of rare or unusual species were rapidly chewed to stubs before I had managed to get any protection set up. As the weather warmed a large crop of fence lizards appeared, and it gave me immense satisfaction to see grasshopper legs protruding from their mouths. Nothing seemed to eat the leaf-hoppers and spraying with horticultural oil failed to reduce their numbers.
The blossom on the fruit trees was a joy to behold until early May when a frost damaged the flowers and destroyed the early fruit set, so no plums, peaches, or cherries this year, and only a few pears. Potato shoots were frosted and a tomato which was covered with two layers of insulating cloth was cut to the ground.
I thought how pretty the gray foliage of the California poppies looked in the pollinator garden before I realized that they were suffering from a hefty dose of powdery mildew which also severely affected all the larkspur and older roses, although the modern hybrids were largely resistant. This problem, which likes dry conditions affected only one side of the house, while the better irrigated areas of fruit trees and vegetables showed no signs of it.
By early June it became evident that our irrigation system had problems. With drip irrigation, much of it is out of sight, and it is not always apparent when things go wrong. I lifted the lid of the irrigation vault and found it full of water and a mass of fibrous roots from the nearby grape vine which was growing vigorously. This led to a redo of the vault and installation of new valves. The grape immediately took umbrage at the disturbance, and the loss of roots and water and went into a state of shock; the leaves already much damaged by leaf hoppers crisped and the few bunches of grapes stopped swelling. Within a couple of weeks the vault had been invaded by a ground squirrel which had managed to follow a pipe into the vault and thrown soil all over the valves.
Through all this my usually trusty potatoes stopped growing and the foliage turned yellow and looked awful. I left them for a month to see if they would improve then began to dig them up. Each plant had a cluster of small potatoes with many enlarged lenticels - indicative of too much water. There were a lot of symphylans present so I suspect that they had damaged the roots or tubers somehow. The carrot patch had also received too much water so that the well grown ones have split from crown to root tip.
Low growing fruits – strawberries, figs, raspberries and blackberries began to disappear into the gut of the ground squirrel and various birds but netting the awkward shapes of all these plants was challenging and did not solve the problem. Next, a rat discovered the joy of eating grapes and most of the remaining bunches became bare stalks – a reminder of what could have been.
The annual thrips infestation of onions began early and I only managed partial control with insecticidal soap sprays. Luckily the onions don't look too bad. Rhubarb leaves were skeletonized by European earwigs, which also took a shine to the foliage of a precious new dahlia plant.
I tried to grow fillet French beans for the first time, but they very quickly became infected with a virus, some almost as soon as they got their first true leaves. Yesterday I noticed that my best Japanese eggplant is laced with holes from flea beetles and there are now large yellow patches on the newer leaves, possibly caused by some disease.
Ants have dominated every corner of the garden and one variety has taken to building mounds of organic matter over the crowns of the strawberry plants. The zucchini was taken over by one species of large ant. They were particularly drawn to the flowers, and although they prevented the squash bees from getting close, the ant must have pollinated the flowers since we had an excellent crop, and only one squash bug all summer! However, they have now started to farm aphids on this plant and also the nearby cucumbers which became so badly affected by sooty mold that I had to dispose of them. As it happens that is not such a loss since many of the cucumbers have been extremely bitter – a problem that I have never had before.
In the fourteen years that I have gardened in Bishop I have had very few serious pests or diseases, of any sort, apart from the ever present Bermudagrass, spotted spurge, and purslane which seem minor compared to the problems that this year has brought.
On the brighter side: My tomatoes have done well and stayed disease free so far, the pear tree seems to no longer be infected with blister mites or fireblight, there were few aphids on the peach trees and cherry and all the fruit trees have put a lot of energy into growth rather than fruiting, so I have had a restful summer, well away from the preserving pan, although now I have to get the pole pruner out!
You never know what's in store for one's garden. I hope that I will achieve my “model garden” next year...