- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
Shey won the $5000 Francesca Miller Undergraduate Research Award that will fund six weeks of full-time summer research. And, judges scored her poster, “A Nanobody-Based Immunoassay for Detecting Moldy Marijuana,” as the top research poster in the undergraduate student competition.
The symposium, held recently in the UC Davis Conference Center, featured cutting-edge research in chemical biology, organic, and pharmaceutical chemistry. It memorializes Professor Miller (1940-1998) the 1985-90 chair of the Department of Chemistry and the 1997-1998 chair of the Academic Senate.
“We're very proud of Rachel,” said Hammock, who holds a joint appointment with the Department of Entomology and Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center. “Rachel winning the undergraduate research award as well as the first-place award for her poster on her research—that's no surprise. She is enthusiastic about science and has wonderful collaborations with our scientists. She is one of those rare people who can cross disciplines, and in this case, integrate molecular biology, chemistry, and analytical chemistry to address a serious problem in the world food supply. Not only that, but she makes the lab had more fun place to be.”
In her abstract, co-authored with mentor Hammock and project scientist Mark McCoy of the Hammock lab, Shey wrote:
“Have you ever forgotten about a bagel on the counter and come back a few days later to find that it has grown a thin layer of fuzzy green mold? Most people know not to eat it, but why not? Aspergillus fungus produces a toxin called aflatoxin, which is the reason moldy bread, bitter peanuts and other foods may not be safe to eat. Aspergillus grows on virtually all major crops in the world, and aflatoxin is present wherever Aspergillus grows.”
Shey related that “the first step is to optimize the concentrations of the substrate, coating antigen, and nanobody for the assay; once this is done, we can assay extracts of hemp bud samples. These samples tend to contain other reactive molecules that can create unusual signals by binding to nanobodies undesirably. This is known as the “matrix effect” and must also be controlled for, either by further diluting the sample, while paying close attention to the limit of detection, or processing the samples in a different way to reduce the amount of potential interference.”
“Cannabis is highly regulated in California,” Shey pointed out, “but batches of cannabis that fail testing are usually sold on the black market rather than at a regulated dispensary. Consumers who decide to run the risk of purchasing cannabis from an unregulated seller would also benefit from immunoassays for monitoring the levels of various pesticides and known contaminants, including aflatoxin. This immunoassay could be useful for not only commercial labs analyzing cannabis, but also consumers purchasing cannabis illegally.”
Shey also presented her poster research at two other UC Davis conferences this year: the Undergraduate Research, Scholarship and Creative Activities Conference (URSCA) and the 2023 Richard LaRock Conference.
Rachel, from Walnut Creek, and home-schooled from K-12 in the RAN Academy (RAN is an acronym for Rachel and her brothers Aaron and Nicholas), received her high school diploma in 2020. She enrolled at UC Davis in September 2020 and joined the Hammock lab in March 2022.
“I was really drawn to entomology because I've loved playing with insects ever since I was a kid,” Rachel said. “When I took organic chemistry, I fell in love with the unique style of problem solving and I grew passionate about its practical aspects as well.”
In the Hammock lab, she helps in immunoassay experiments, delivers presentations to the lab, and learns about research and science. “I am developing proficiency with ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) and phage work,” Shey said. She is working on an independent project funded by an Innovation Institute for Food and Health Undergraduate Research Fellowship (IIFL) from the UC Davis Undergraduate Research Center. It involves the detection of aflatoxin in mouse brain tissue.
Shey also is a research assistant (since November 2022) in the lab of Cody Ross Pitt, assistant professor, UC Davis Department of Chemistry, where she is learning organic synthesis methods, including setting up air-sensitive reactions, working up reactions, using columns to purify the crude material, and operating a rotary evaporator (rotovap).
She has served a general and organic chemistry tutor or the UC Davis Academic Assistance and Tutoring Center (AATC) since September 2021. She staffs the drop-in area in the library and the online Zoom drop-in room for several hours each week. “I assist students with chemistry questions with the goal of helping my students develop study skills.”
Shey also worked part-time for almost two years as a city news reporter for the California Aggie, the UC Davis student-run newspaper.
Her career plans: to study organic chemistry and obtain a doctorate in chemistry. “I would love to work in medicinal chemistry or agrochemistry.”
“When I first talked to her she was excited over epoxides as such interesting chemical functionalities,” said Hammock, known for his expertise in chemistry, toxicology, biochemistry and entomology. Early in his career, he founded the field of environmental immunoassay, using antibodies and biosensors to monitor food and environmental safety, and human exposure to pesticides. His groundbreaking research in insect physiology, toxicology led to his development of the first recombinant virus for insect control.
“I saw Barry Sharpless last week, who like Linus Pauling, won two Nobel Prizes," Hammock said. She reminds me of Barry. The world needs more undergrads like Rachel.”
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
EicOsis, based in Davis, is a leader in the clinical development of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors (sEH), an innovative approach to treating chronic inflammation and pain. Hammock's pioneering work on the sEH inhibitors spans 50 years.
“Dr. McReynolds will lead EicOsis through the commercialization of its new therapeutic solution for chronic conditions that affects tens of millions of people, including those with neuropathic pain but also osteoarthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease,” said Glenn Croston, chief operating officer. “Dr. McReynolds has deep experience advancing drugs through preclinical and clinical development, including EicOsis' leading drug EC5026. In addition, she has published extensively on the science of sEH as an important new drug target.”
McReynolds, who received her doctorate in pharmacology/toxicology from UC Davis in 2021, studying with Hammock, said “it's been an amazing opportunity being involved with EicOsis as an early preclinical stage company and seeing the transition of our lead candidate to clinical
“The scientific validation of our approach supports a truly disruptive product that could provide a safe, non-addictive, and effective treatment for pain and neurodegeneration, and I look forward to leading the company as we obtain clinical validation,” she said. “We have an experienced and dedicated team that has a long history of working together, and I am excited to continue working together in this exciting next stage.”
EicOsis has “completed the human phase 1a safety trials with no adverse effects," said Hammock, who holds a joint appointment with the UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center.
“As co-founder, Cindy has played a key role building EicOsis into a leader in therapeutics targeting sEH,” Hammock said. "Cindy's scientific insight, drive, and commitment ideally positions her to take EicOsis to the next level and builds on the vast body of science validating our approach. I know Cindy will continue to deliver great results for EicOsis and for a great many patients."
Hammock, in his role as CSO, “will continue to deliver cutting edge progress in translating soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors into clinical results,” Croston announced. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Inventors, Hammock co-founded and built the company to translate these findings into "a revolutionary new solution for chronic inflammation and pain."
“We'd like to thank Bruce for his incredible leadership in the field and as CEO of EicOsis," said Chris Somerville, board member of EicOsis Human Health. "We're looking forward to his continued scientific leadership and to his continued support in Cindy's new role."
McReynolds, who has researched the biological activity of lipid mediators for the past 12 years, said her current efforts “focus on understanding the roles of lipid mediators in inflammation especially relating to pain and degenerative disease. My research focuses on developing tools for use in in vitro and in vivo knockout studies to understand their role in inflammation with a focus on mechanism of pharmacokinetics.”
Always aiming for a scientific career, McReynolds received a bachelor's degree (1999) in animal science from UC Davis and a master's degree (2001) in animal science from Washington State University (WSU). Her career advanced from senior research associate, Celera (formerly Axys) in South San Francisco to senior associate scientist of Miikana, Fremont, to project coordinator of Arete Therapeutics, South San Francisco, to UC Davis researcher.
At UC Davis, she served as the scientific program manager (2010-2017) for the Center for Integrative Toxicology, and as a graduate student researcher. She won a UC Davis Staff Assembly Citation of Excellence in Research in 2021. She earlier received the UC Davis 1999 Outstanding Senior Award, and several awards fromWSU: the 2000 Dr.Erb Outstanding Graduate Student Award; the 2001 Teaching Assistant of the Year, and the 2001 Outstanding Graduate Student. While a graduate student, she was supported by a National Institutes of Health Chemical Biology Training Grant.
Sarjeet Gill, now a UC Riverside distinguished emeritus professor, and Hammock co-discovered sEH in 1969 in mice when they were researching insect developmental biology and green insecticides in the UC Berkeley lab of John Casida (1929-2018). Both hold doctorates from UC Berkeley.
Hammock explained that the enzyme is a key regulatory enzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. It regulates a new class of natural chemical mediators, which in turn regulates inflammation, blood pressure, pain and other key biologies. Hammock's 50-year research has led to the discovery that many regulatory molecules are controlled as much by degradation as biosynthesis. "The epoxy fatty acids rapidly degraded by the sEH," Hammock said, "control blood pressure, fibrosis, immunity, tissue growth, depression, pain, and inflammation, to name a few processes."
Approximately 50 million Americans (20 percent of the population) suffer from chronic pain, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The annual economic toll is $560 billion, encompassing direct medical expenses, lost productivity, and disability claims. Pain research is now one of the top priorities of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
EicOsis (pronounced eye-co-sis), derives its name from eicosanoid, “the major backbone of chemical mediators in the arachidonate cascade,” said McReynolds. “It symbolizes the epoxide group in chemistry, which is key to the anti-inflammatory chemical mediators and where the biochemical target called soluble epoxide hydrolase works.”
EicOsis won the “Sacramento Region Innovator of the Year” award in the medical health/biopharmaceutical category in 2019.
/span>- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
Robert Washino, emeritus professor of entomology, emeritus chair of the UC Davis Department of Entomology, and emeritus associate dean of the UC Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, praised him for his research and friendship.
"I first met Mir who was on the UC Riverside campus in the early 1960s for the first organizational meeting of the UC Systemwide Mosquito Research Program with biologists representing UC Berkeley, UC Davis, UCLA and UC Riverside," Washino recalled. "From that day forward, all of us in mosquito research competed for research funding and became either friends and/or competitors and sometimes both. I could have written a book on all that took place and it would have been a best seller if it were ever published but it was fun while it lasted!"
That was when the names of Barr, Work, Shaefer, Garcia, Reeves, Belkin, Bohart, Mulla and Washino--and more--populated the mosquito research news, or names "from the good ol days," said Washino, now 91.
"Mir was a great help to me getting started at UC Riverside, particularly in my mosquito days," said UC Davis distinguished professor Bruce Hammock, who holds a joint appointment with the Department of Entomology and Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center.
Major Dhillon, retired district manager of the Northwest Mosquito Abatement District, headquartered in Corona, Riverside County, and executive director emeritus of Society for Vector Ecology (SOVE), based in Ontario, Calif., was a 49-year friend and colleague.
"He was my major professor under whom I got my doctorate," Dhillon said. "I met him when he was 49 years old and I lost him after 49 years. He was a great mentor and TRULY an exemplary scientist of international fame.”
Dhillon said that Mulla donated $50,000 to SOVE last year at a memorial lecture. Mulla is credited with helping establish the UC Riverside's medical entomology department. He was named a fellow of the Entomological Society of America in 1995 and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1998. The World Health Organization honored him with its Distinguished Service Award in 2010, and SOVE singled him out for a Lifetime Achievement Award in 2009.
Mulla's Formula. Mulla was a close associate of William "Bill" Reisen, professor emeritus, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. Reisen wrote about Mulla's Formula to Estimate Control in a book, Vector Biology, Ecology and Control, pages 127-137, published in 2010:
"In California, the endemic mosquito borne encephalitides, including West Nile virus, are contained by special districts using integrated vector management programs. These agencies combine public education, source reduction and proactive larval control to suppress mosquito abundance to the point where tangential transmission of virus to humans is rare or unlikely. However, when these methods in concert fail to prevent enzootic amplification and the risk of human infection becomes eminent or is on-going, emergency adulticide applications of pyrethrin compounds are used to interrupt transmission. The efficacy of these applications has become controversial and some cities have opted to not apply adul-ticides. The current paper describes how a formula developed Dr. Mir Mulla some 40 years ago is still useful in solving contemporary problems of estimating percent control, a statistic useful in evaluating intervention efficacy. This simple but effective equation accounts for changes in both control and treated populations and thereby can be applied in dynamic situations where abundance is not stable. Examples are presented from ground and aerial experimental applications in Riverside County and from emergency interventions in Sacramento County in 2005 and Yolo County in 2006."
According to a 2008 UC Riverside newsletter, Mir served as a major professor for 27 doctoral students and three master's students; mentored more than 30 visiting scientists from overseas; and trained 20 postdoctoral scientists. "Dr. Mulla has made noteworthy contributions to, and has served in, numerous national and international organizations. These include the World Health Organization, with over 40 years of service in capacities such as science advisor, member of the Expert Advisory Panel, member or chair of steering committees or scientific working groups, as well as temporary advisor on numerous international projects. His publications (over 400) are well known around the world and are sought after by many scientists and specialists."
Native of Afghanistan. Born in Zangawat, Afghanistan to a family of 12 brothers and 4 sisters, Mir received a scholarship in 1948 to Cornell University where he obtained his undergraduate degree in entomology and parasitology in 3.5 years. He received his doctorate at UC Berkeley. In 1956, joined the UC Riverside faculty to help establish a medical entomology department, and launched his research on the control of eye gnats and mosquitoes.
From the Riverside Press-Enterprise obituary: "In his 50-year career as a medical entomologist, Dr. Mulla pioneered insect control methods throughout Southern California and the world. Mir's techniques for eye gnat and mosquito control improved people's health worldwide. He was a prolific scientist who authored more than 500 scientific publications. He loved field work and was a demanding editor, guiding over 30 graduate students. Mir led World Health Organization efforts to help developing countries control vector-borne diseases, including malaria. He traveled to many countries in this endeavor."
His wife of 64 years, Leila "Lee" Patterson Mulla, died Aug. 9, 2019 at age 88. They met at the International House at UC Berkeley during his graduate studies and married in August 1954. They raised four children, David, Shireen, Dean and Janet.
"Mir served as a leader in the Riverside Muslim community," according to the obituary. "He and Lelia founded the Islamic Society of Riverside and Orange Counties and played a key role in building the Islamic Center of Riverside, the first mosque in the Inland Empire. His philanthropic work included supporting the local Muslim community, donating land to Riverside County Parks to preserve public access to Sugarloaf Mountain for generations and establishing scholarships with the University of California Riverside in the College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences."
A Muslim funeral prayer (Janazah) will be held Friday, Feb. 3 after the 1 p.m. Jum'a prayer at Islamic Center of Riverside, 1038 W Linden St., Riverside. A public memorial service will be held Saturday, Feb. 4 at 11 a.m. at the Norco Family Funeral Home, 2645 Hammer Ave, Norco, followed by burial at 1:20 p.m. Saturday at Pierce Brothers Crestlawn Mortuary, 11500 Arlington Ave, Riverside.
Donations in his memory can be made to the Dr. Mir S. Mulla and Lelia L. Mulla Endowed Scholarship Fund, UC Riverside Foundation (access https://myadv.ucr.edu/ and search for "Mulla") or the Islamic Center of Riverside, https://www.islamiccenterofriverside.net/donate).
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
A leading global scientist and inventor in the field of insect olfaction and communication, Leal was elected an NAI Fellow in 2019 for his impact in the fields of molecular, cellular biology, and entomology, but due to the COVID pandemic, the organization cancelled the 2020 Phoenix ceremony. Travel restrictions prevented him from attending the 2021 ceremony in Tampa, Fla. Elected Fellows are required to attend the induction ceremony within two years of election in order to receive their award.
NAI singles out outstanding inventors for their “highly prolific spirit of innovation in creating or facilitating outstanding inventions that have made a tangible impact on the quality of life, economic development, and welfare of society.” Election to NAI Fellow is the highest professional distinction accorded solely to academic inventors. The NAI Fellow program has 1,403 Fellows worldwide representing more than 250 prestigious universities and governmental and non-profit research institutes.
“I attended with my wife, Beatriz, and daughter Helena and son Gabriel – both have co-authored papers in the lab, so they represent all visiting scholars, collaborators, postdocs, project scientists, graduate students, and undergraduate students in my lab,” Leal said. (See video of the awarding of the medals)
UC Davis chancellor emerita Linda Katehi, an NAI fellow inducted in 2012, nominated Leal for the honor for his “novel, sustainable and continued contributions to the field of entomology and for their greater implications in molecular and cellular biology and the understanding of disease and prevention.” At the time, Leal held 28 Japanese and two U.S. patents.
Said Hammock: “When Walter Leal reached UC Davis, he came with the reputation of being a 'one man army in research.' This reputation was well deserved. I know of no one at UC Davis who matches Walter in taking his remarkable fundamental advances in science and translating them to increase the safety and magnitude of world food production.”
Leal, an expert in insect communication investigates how insects detect odors, connect and communicate within their species; and detect host and non-host plant matter. His research, spanning three decades, targets insects that carry mosquito-borne diseases as well as agricultural pests that damage and destroy crops. He and his lab drew international attention with their discovery of the mode of action of DEET, the gold standard of insect repellents.
He and his collaborators, including Nobel Laureate Kurth Wuthrich (Chemistry 2002), unravel how pheromones are carried by pheromone-binding proteins, precisely delivered to odorant receptors, and finally activated by pheromone-degrading enzymes.
That led to Leal's identification of the sex pheromones of the navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella), a pest of almonds, figs, pomegranates and walnuts, the major hosts. This has led to practical applications of pest management techniques in the fields.
At the time of his election to NAI Fellow, Joe Rominiecki, communications manager of Entomological Society of America (ESA), said Leal has “greatly advanced scientific understanding of insect olfaction. He has identified and synthesized several insect pheromones, and his collaborative efforts led to the first structure of an insect pheromone-binding protein."
ICE Council. Leal was recently elected chair of the International Congress of Entomology Council, which selects a country to host the congress every four years and which supports the continuity of the international congresses of entomology. Leal succeeds prominent entomologist May Berenbaum of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, editor-in-chief of the journal, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and a 2014 recipient of the National Medal of Science.
“I have big shoes to fill,” he said.
Ironically, COVID derailed the 2020 NAI ceremony, and Leal--recipient of the Academic Senate's 2022 Distinguished Scholarly Public Service Award for his series of four global webinars educating the public about COVID-19--contracted the disease while in Phoenix for the 2022 ceremony.
“I was treated with Paxlovid, rebounded, and am now fully recovered,” Leal said.
On ESA Honorary Member Ballot. Leal's name is currently on the ESA ballot to become an Honorary Member, the highest ESA honor. The Royal Entomological Society named him an Honorary Fellow in 2015.
A native of Brazil, educated in Brazil and Japan, and fluent in Portuguese, Japanese and English, Leal received his master's degree and doctorate in Japan: his master's degree at Mie University in 1987, and his doctorate in applied biochemistry at Tsukuba University in 1990. Leal then conducted research for 10 years at Japan's National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science and the Japan Science and Technology Agency before joining the faculty of the UC Davis Department of Entomology in 2000. He chaired the department from July 2006 to February 2008.
Leal co-chaired the 2016 International Congress of Entomology meeting, "Entomology Without Borders," in Orlando, Fla., that drew the largest delegation of scientists and experts in the history of the discipline: 6682 attendees from 102 countries.
Among his many other honors, Leal is a Fellow of ESA, the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences and the California Academy of Sciences. He is a past president of the International Society of Chemical Ecology and corresponding member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences. In 2019, ESA selected him to present its annual Founders' Memorial Lecture, the first UC Davis scientist selected to do so.
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
The hybrid event, organized by the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and CNPq and featuring the keynote lecture and five round tables, is set April 26-27. Registration is underway at https://forms.gle/QKhrbfp7gNuYLUDY8. The seminar, in Portuguese with English translations, will be live on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytBA4OA9aOc.
Leal, a corresponding member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and a native of Brazil, is a distinguished professor with the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, and former chair of the Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. In his keynote lecture, Leal will call attention to the CNPq-UC Davis program, “Science without Borders,” which he helped launch 10 years ago to support undergraduate, graduate students and postdoctoral studies at UC Davis.
Leal's hybrid presentation (part recorded and part live) will focus on three “Science Without Border” students whose education at UC Davis played a critical role in launching their careers. One is now an assistant professor at Penn State; another is a data scientist at a Brazilian university; and the third is an entrepreneur. “And one of them met her husband at UC Davis,” Leal related.
- UC Davis Chancellor Gary May will congratulate CNPq in the name of UC Davis, which houses nearly 100 faculty with professional links to Brazil.
- UC Davis distinguished professor Bruce Hammock, the 35-year director of the federally funded UC Davis Superfund Research Program (SRP) (and who holds a joint appointment with the Department of Entomology and Nematology and the Comprehensive Cancer Center), will discuss the history of SRP and his dedication to hosting many Brazilian students, postdocs, and other collaborators.
- UC Irvine distinguished professor Anthony James, professor of microbiology and molecular genetics, who collaborates with UC Davis professor Greg Lanzaro of the School of Veterinary Medicine, will discuss how philanthropy helps to shape current vector biology research.
- World-renowned economist Jose Scheinkman of Brazil, who received an early career scholarship that shaped his career path to the University of Chicago, Princeton, and now Columbia University, will discuss how CNPq plays a key role in the Brazilian scientific economy and its training of scientists.
- John Wingfield, distinguished emeritus professor, UC Davis Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, and former head of the Directorate of Biological Sciences at the National Science Foundation (NSF), will share information on how NSF operates.
Other participants will include Sally Rockey, inaugural executive director of the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research; Sonny Ramaswamy, former administrator of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture; Professor John Hildebrand, International Secretary of the National Academy of Sciences; Daniel Mucida, head of the Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology at Rockefeller University; Nantel Suzuki, program executive of NASA's Human Landing System; and Scott Hutchins, former Deputy Under Secretary of Agriculture.
Brazilian biomedical scientist Helena Nader will be inaugurated next month as the first female president in the 106-year-history of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences.