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Pork prices may reflect uncertainty around Prop 12
California's farm animal welfare act, approved in 2018, fully implemented in January 2024 after delays
Since being passed by California voters in 2018, Proposition 12, a farm animal welfare law, has faced a series of legal challenges that have led to uncertainty and delays in the implementation and enforcement of its requirements for the treatment of breeding pigs. A new Special Issue of ARE Update sheds light on its contentious path to eventual full implementation on Jan. 1, 2024, and analyzes how these delays have affected the retail and wholesale pork market.
Preliminary data suggest that Prop 12, and the uncertainty surrounding it, have led to an average retail price increase of 20% for covered pork products (i.e., those included under the regulation, mainly uncooked cuts of pork), as well as significantly higher prices for wholesale pork products during the implementation period and as hog farms nationally continue to adjust to the law.
Prop 12, officially known as the “Prevention of Cruelty to Farm Animals Act,” was approved by 63% of California voters. The law requires housing standards for egg-laying hens, veal calves and breeding pigs for the eggs or meat of these animals or their offspring to be sold in California.
While these standards first went into effect for egg-laying hens and veal calves as early as Jan. 1, 2020, many farms and businesses were hesitant to make large investments in the sow housing and traceability requirements until legal issues were settled for Prop 12-compliant pork.
On May 11, 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Prop 12. As a result, and consistent with rulings of the Sacramento Superior Court in California, California began requiring Prop 12-compliant pork on July 1, 2023, while allowing remaining non-compliant pork already in the supply chain to be sold until Jan. 1, 2024. Although full enforcement began almost eight months after the Supreme Court ruling, hog farms, almost all of which are outside California, continue to expand the supply of pork from hogs born of mother pigs that meet California housing and treatment standards.
“A long complicated process is not uncommon for major regulations,” said Daniel A. Sumner, a study co-author and distinguished professor in the UC Davis Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics.
Economists Hannah Hawkins, Shawn Arita and Seth Meyer with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of the Chief Economist have been documenting prices and quantities of hogs and pork as the industry has adjusted to Prop 12. Using Circana retail scanner data, they found that in the past nine months covered pork products sold in California increased in price compared to the rest of the United States. While there was significant price fluctuation between the partial and full implementation dates, the initial price impacts were higher than would be expected after full adjustment, with price increases of 16% for bacon and 41% for pork loin.
Based on USDA Agricultural Marketing Service data, the authors found that wholesale prices for compliant pork cuts also increased substantially during the adjustment period, with an average price premium of 22%. Due to the many delays in implementation, Prop 12-compliant pork volumes are not yet sufficient to meet quantities that would have been demanded without these significant price increases. As the industry catches up to supply sufficient quantities of compliant pork meat to meet the California demand and a new market equilibrium is reached, both retail and wholesale prices may settle at lower price premiums. However, we may still be several months away from understanding the full impact of Prop 12 on meat and egg producers and consumers.
To learn more about the implementation of Prop 12 and its impact on the retail and wholesale pork market, read the full Special Issue of ARE Update 27(3), UC Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics, online at https://giannini.ucop.edu/filer/file/1710543749/20936/.
ARE Update is a bimonthly magazine published by the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics to educate policymakers and agribusiness professionals about new research or analysis of important topics in agricultural and resource economics. Articles are written by Giannini Foundation members, including University of California faculty and Cooperative Extension specialists in agricultural and resource economics, and university graduate students. Learn more about the Giannini Foundation and its publications at https://giannini.ucop.edu/.
/h3>Organic strawberry yields boosted by technique refined through UCCE research
Anaerobic soil disinfestation helps suppress weeds, disease without fumigants
Troubled by puny plants, low yields and persistent mite problems, third-generation Southern California strawberry grower Glen Hasegawa was ready to give up on his transition from conventional to organic 12 years ago.
“I've always liked a challenge – but it turned out to be more of a challenge than I thought it would be!” he said.
But then, with the help of scientists including Oleg Daugovish, UC Cooperative Extension strawberry and vegetable crop advisor in Ventura County, Hasegawa tried a technique called anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD). When applied correctly, the multi-step ASD process creates a soil environment that suppresses pathogens and weeds and makes for healthier, more robust crop growth.
“Back in the day, it was really hard to get the plant growing vigorously in organic,” said Hasegawa, owner of Faria Farms in Oxnard. “So we started using the ASD and then you could definitely see that the plant had more vigor and you could grow a bigger, better plant using it.”
Seeing that he could produce yields “in the neighborhood” of those grown in conventional strawberry fields fumigated with synthetic fumigants, Hasegawa was able to expand his original 10 acres of organic strawberries to 50 acres.
“I guess you could say I'm kind of a convert,” he said, noting that he now applies ASD to all his acreage each year in late spring.
Joji Muramoto, UC Cooperative Extension specialist in organic production based at UC Santa Cruz, has been experimenting with ASD since it was first brought to the U.S. from the Netherlands and Japan in the early 2000s. Carol Shennan, a professor in the Department of Environmental Studies at UCSC, and Muramoto were among the first to try the technique in California. They found that ASD successfully controlled an outbreak of Verticillium wilt – caused by the pathogen Verticillium dahliae – at UCSC's small organic farm in 2002.
Since then, Shennan, Muramoto, Daugovish and their colleagues have seen encouraging results at 10 trial sites across the state.
“We demonstrated that ASD can provide comparable yields with fumigants, in side-by-side replicated trials,” Muramoto said.
ASD promotes host of beneficial changes to soil ecosystem
ASD comprises three basic steps: incorporating a carbon source that is easily digestible by microbes in the soil (traditionally, rice bran has been used), further encouraging fermentation by covering the soil with plastic to limit oxygen supply, and finally adding water through drip irrigation to initiate the “anaerobic” decomposition of the carbon source and maintain the three-week “cooking” process.
The resulting cascade of chemical, microbiological and physical changes to the soil creates an ecosystem that is both conducive to strawberry growth – and inhospitable to pathogens and weeds.
“It's not like a pesticide where you have a mode of action, and thus resulting in ‘A' and ‘B' for you,” Daugovish explained. “There's a sort of cocktail of events that happens in the soil; they all happen interconnectedly.”
Compared to similar fields that did not undergo the process, ASD-applied organic strawberry fields across California have seen yields increase by 60% to 70% – and even doubling in some cases, according to Daugovish.
The UCCE advisor also shared the story of a longtime grower in Ventura County, who came to him with fields in “miserable” condition; they were plagued by one of the world's worst weeds, yellow nutsedge, and infected with charcoal rot, a disease caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. But after applying rice bran and following the ASD recipe, the grower saw phenomenal results.
“The only complaint he said to me was, ‘Now I have too many berries – we have to have more pickers to pick the berries!'” Daugovish recalled.
Via researchers' meetings, online resources, on-farm demonstration trials and word of mouth from peers, use of ASD by California strawberry growers has grown significantly during the past two decades. Tracking the purchase of rice bran, Muramoto estimated that about 2,500 acres were treated by the ASD-related practices in 2023 – covering roughly half of the 5,200 total acres of organic strawberries in California.
Muramoto directly links the growth of California organic strawberry production – which now comprises about 13% of total strawberry acreage in the state – with the increasing adoption of ASD.
“If you remove the acreage with the applied rice bran over the last 10 years or so, organic strawberry acreage is just flat,” he said.
Within the last decade, acreage of organic strawberries with ASD-related practices increased by 1,640 acres, which is a boon for air quality, human health and long-term soil vitality. According to Muramoto's calculations, that increase in organic acreage translates to a reduction of about 465,000 pounds of fumigant active ingredients that would have been used in growing conventional strawberries.
“There are hundreds of reports of acute illnesses related to fumigation in the record, so it's very important to find alternatives to fumigants,” said Muramoto, citing California Department of Pesticide Regulation documents.
Research continues to make ASD more economical, effective
The popularity of ASD has come at a price, however, for organic strawberry growers.
“There's more organic out there, and I think most of the organic guys are using it, so there's more demand on the rice bran; the price has been steadily going up every year, like everything else,” said Hasegawa, adding that he has been trying to decrease the amount of carbon while maintaining ASD's efficacy.
On top of greater demand from other growers and from beef cattle and dairy producers (who use rice bran as feed), the price also has increased due to higher costs in transporting the material across the state from the Sacramento Valley. So Daugovish and his colleagues – including Peter Henry, a U.S. Department of Agriculture plant pathologist – have been searching for a cheaper alternative.
“We all want an inexpensive, locally available, reliable, easy to use and functional carbon source, which sounds like a big wish list,” Daugovish said.
Carbon sources such as bark, wood chips, or compost are ineffective, as the crucial ASD microorganisms are choosy about their food.
“Microbes are just like cows; you can't feed them straight wood; they get pretty angry,” Daugovish explained. “And if you feed them something with too much nitrogen, they can't digest it – they get the runs. Microbes are the same way – you have to have the right proportion of stuff so they feel comfortable doing what they're doing.”
In search of an ideal replacement, researchers tried and ruled out grass clippings, onion waste, glycerin and coffee grounds. Finally, they pivoted to a material with properties very similar to rice bran: wheat bran, in the form of wheat middlings (also called midds, a byproduct of flour milling) and dried distillers' grain (DDG, a byproduct of ethanol extraction).
After field experiments in Santa Paula, the UC and USDA researchers found that midds and DDG were just as effective at controlling soilborne pathogens and weeds as rice brain – but at 25% to 30% less cost. Their results were published last year in the journal Agronomy.
“Not surprisingly, the wheat bran has worked almost exactly the same as rice bran,” Daugovish said.
He and Muramoto are now conducting trials with wheat bran at commercial fields, and the initial results are promising. Daugovish said the grower at one site in Ventura County has seen a 90% reduction in Macrophomina phaseolina, the causal pathogen of charcoal rot, in the soil – and an 80% to 90% drop in yellow nutsedge germination. They are waiting for final yield numbers after the coming summer.
While ASD has been beneficial to organic productivity and soil health, both Daugovish and Muramoto acknowledged specific limitations in suppressing the “big three” strawberry diseases: Verticillium wilt, Fusarium wilt and charcoal rot. In coastal areas with cooler soil temperatures, for example, ASD can actually exacerbate the latter two diseases, as the fungal pathogens feed on the rice bran.
“We know it works at warmer temperatures, but, practically, it's hard to do in coastal California,” Muramoto said. “It would be nice if we can find a way to suppress Fusarium wilt at a lower temperature, but we don't have it right now.”
That's why researchers emphasize that ASD is not a “silver bullet.” It's just one tool in the organic toolbox, which includes careful crop rotation, disease-resistant strawberry varieties and better diagnostic tests that help growers pinpoint outbreaks and make the application of various methods more targeted and more efficient.
And scientists will continue to optimize ASD to make it more effective and economical for growers in the different strawberry regions of California – from the Central Coast to the Oxnard Plain.
“We know it can work really well; it's just finding the most sustainable way to do this in our region,” Daugovish said. “We've got to just have an open mind and keep trying.”
/h3>/h3>/h3>No solo sobre la preparación de comida aprenden jóvenes de 4-H en la Fiesta de los Alimentos
Podría sonar raro, pero para los participantes del Programa de Desarrollo Juvenil 4-H del condado de Orante, saber cocinar y tener habilidades para hablar en público van de la mano.
Y eso se pudo observar durante la pasada Fiesta de los Alimentos en la que se llevó a cabo el concurso “Super Carbolicious” (Súper Carbolicioso), durante el cual miembros de 4-H del condado de Orange participaron con platillos hechos a base de pasta, papas y pan. Sin embargo, lo jueces del evento, no solo calificaron la creatividad culinaria, sino también la forma y soltura con la que los concursantes explicaban el proceso de preparación e ingredientes usados.
La habilidad para crear en la cocina y la facilidad para hablar en público, son dos destrezas que los chicos aprenden en su club de 4-H.
Tal es el caso de Sadie, miembro del programa 4-H del condado de Orange, quien se presentó ante dos jueces con una bolsa térmica aislante en la mano. De ella sacó platos, utensilios y servilletas y las colocó en la mesa. Abrió el cierre del compartimento inferior y sacó cuidadosamente un sartén de hierro forjado en el que se apilaban varios panqueques dorados y esponjosos.
“¿Les gustaría miel en sus panqueques? Se los recomiendo mucho”, preguntó. Sadie, estudiante de octavo grado quien participó por segunda vez en la Fiesta Anual de los Alimentos de 4-H.
El Programa de Desarrollo Juvenil 4-H, está respaldado por la División de Agricultura y Recursos Naturales de la Universidad de California (UC ANR, por sus siglas en ingles) y es administrado por las oficinas locales de Extensión Cooperativa de UC. Este programa fomenta el aprendizaje práctico y experimental para todos los jóvenes.
Rita Jakel, coordinadora del programa 4-H en el condado de Orange, describe el evento de la Fiesta de los Alimentos – dirigido a chicos de 5 a 18 – como una oportunidad para practicar y mostrar sus habilidades para hablar en público a través de una divertida competencia sobre alimentos
Los chicos presentan sus creaciones ante un panel de evaluadores, quienes les piden que describan la forma en la que prepararon el platillo y por qué y cómo solucionaron los retos durante todo el proceso. La interacción entre los jóvenes y líderes adultos les ofrece una oportunidad única para que los chicos practiquen habilidades como entrevistas de trabajo y hablar en público que los preparan para una carrera.
El tema de este año, “Super Carbolicious” (Súper Carbolicioso) en el que a los participantes de 4-H se les instó a preparar sus platillos favoritos usando ingredientes como pasta, papas y pan, tuvo como objetivo cambiar la percepción de que los carbohidratos son poco saludables, lo cual no ayuda cuando se les enseña a los jóvenes sobre nutrición. Los carbohidratos aportan glucosa al cuerpo, la cual se convierte en la energía que las personas necesitan para funcionar durante todo el día.
Entre los platillos que fueron presentados durante la Fiesta de los Alimentos se encontraban un pan de plátano y chispas de chocolate, papas horneadas con queso, crepas rellenas de galletas y Nutella. Kaitling, miembro de 4-H, siempre había asistido a la Fiesta de los Alimentos solo para echarle porras a una amiga. Pero este año, decidió participar y presentar una pasta de macarrones con queso y calabaza pumpkin.
“Mac and cheese de calabaza pumpkin es mejor que la regular porque tiene mucho más sabor y se tienen que usar dos quesos: cheddar y parmesano”, explico Kaitlin, estudiante del séptimo grado. Cuando se le preguntó qué fue lo que la motivó a participar en esta ocasión en lugar de solo ser una espectadora, Kaitlin mencionó que deseaba practicar sus habilidades para presentar.
“Por lo general soy un poco tímida y no me gusta compartir mucho. La Fiesta de los Alimentos me ayudó a practicar para hablar mejor para así poder lograr mis objetivos”, dijo Kaitlin.
Sadie, a quien le encanta hablar en público, admite que no siempre fue una de sus fortalezas. “Hubo un tiempo en que odiaba hablar en público. Pero cuando ingresé a decoración de pasteles de 4-H y eventos de aves de corral y fiesta de alimentos, me sentí más confiada hablando en público”, indicó. “Ahora me gusta ir a eventos y presumir. Me gusta presumir a los pavos, mis pasteles y hoy, presenté panqueques hechos en casa”.
Apoyando para que todo marchara bien en el día de la fiesta estuvieron dos embajadores estatales de 4-H: Michaela y Laurelyn, estudiantes del último año de preparatoria. Ambas han participado en 4-H durante más de nueve años y en el caso de Laurelyn representa la tercera generación como miembro de 4-H. “Mi abuela creció en un club de 4-H en el condado de Orange. Todavía cría corderos para reproducción para los miembros de 4-H”, manifestó Laurelyn, cuya madre fue miembro de 4-H en el condado de San Joaquín.
Como embajadoras estatales, son responsables de crear y presentar talleres durante los eventos nacionales y regionales. “También participamos con el público a través de las redes sociales, específicamente TikTok e Instagram (@4horangeco)”, dijo Michaela, para quien este es su segundo año como embajadora.
Durante la Fiesta de los Alimentos, Michaela y Laurelyn estuvieron disponibles para responder a las preguntas de los participantes y sus familias. Ambos embajadoras coincidieron en que no debería sorprender ver a los padres participando en las actividades de 4-H. “Estar en 4-H es un esfuerzo familiar. Esta no es una (actividad) extra curricular en la que solo dejas a tus hijos y te vas”, manifestó Michaela.
Laurelyn compartió que la idea errónea que otros tienen acerca de 4-H es que piensan que se trata de introducir a los chicos a la agricultura y ganado. Cuenta con un componente de participación y liderazgo cívico, también. “Si los padres supieran sobre todas las formas en que 4-H puede beneficiar a sus hijos, pienso que a más personas les gustaría unirse a nosotros”, indicó. “Ellos encuentran formas de ayudarnos a adquirir habilidades de vida de manera divertida, como esta Fiesta de los Alimentos”.
No obstante, los platillos hechos en casa no fueron lo único que se esperaba en este evento. En otro edificio, Sandy Jacobs, coordinadora voluntaria del evento y su equipo instalaron una cocina con pruebas espontaneas para los chicos. Había diferentes utensilios de cocina en varias mesas y los participantes tenían que nombrar todas las herramientas que pudieran.
Finalmente, para terminar el día, los miembros de 4-H midieron sus destrezas en una competencia para decorar pastelitos o cupcakes. Los participantes se encargaron de traer sus propios ingredientes, incluyendo utensilios y decoraciones comestibles para la Guerra de los Cupcakes. Dependiendo de la edad del grupo, los participantes contaron con veinte minutos para decorar de dos a cuatro pastelitos, cada uno con un tema diferente.
Para conocer más sobre el programa 4-H del condado de Orange, visite https://oc4h.org/.
Adaptado al español por Leticia Irigoyen del artículo en inglés. Editado para su publicación por Diana Cervantes
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REC System Director Haver encourages systemic approach to agriculture
Agriculture generates $59 billion and employs nearly 400,000 individuals in California. The industry, however, is often threatened by challenges like climate change, land conversion and water scarcity. Motivated to act, Sustain Southern California – an organization associated with UC Irvine Beall Applied Innovation – hosted a roundtable discussion on Feb. 20 featuring subject matter experts including Darren Haver, director of UC Agriculture and Natural Resources' Research and Extension Center System.
During his keynote address, Jose Arriaga, Orange County Agricultural Commissioner, defined sustainability as food and fiber production that does not compromise the ability for future generations to meet their needs. In doing so, he acknowledged the benefit of discussing such timely topics with key players, especially for places where agriculture is not as prevalent as it used to be.
“Many people don't think of Orange County as a place for agriculture. It's probably because less land is being reserved for agriculture, not like back in the day. And that worries me,” said Arriaga.
The first roundtable discussion centered on sustainable agriculture, with Haver participating alongside other industry leaders based in Southern California, including A.G. Kawamura of Orange County Produce, Steve Brazeel of Sunterra Produce and Elevated Foods, Anthony Curci of Buttonwood Ranch and Parker Cohn from Performance Resource Management.
In discussing today's generation, Haver said that he has seen a shift over the last few decades away from yield alone, which used to be the most important aspect of production in agriculture. Today, much more attention is dedicated to sustainability – a change that Haver attributes to the younger generation of researchers and plant scientists working in agriculture.
There has also been an emphasis on sustaining the environment while maintaining economic progress. Haver recognized these important elements, but highlighted the social impact of sustainability, too.
“I don't have all the answers, but I do believe that addressing the environmental, economic and social aspects of agriculture is important. I also think that these factors should be addressed systemically rather than in silos,” said Haver.
Southern California agricultural producers, in particular, are responsible for $7.8 billion in gross receipts and nearly 100,000 jobs directly related to agriculture. In Orange County alone, where Haver is based at the South Coast Research and Extension Center, agriculture makes up $86 million of total economic output, with nurseries leading as a top commodity followed by fruit trees, vegetable production and livestock and apiary.
Climate-smart crop production workshops March 5-7 in Ventura, Salinas and Tulare
Growers invited to learn how to manage risks to fruit, nut, vegetable production
UC Cooperative Extension is offering workshops in Ventura, Salinas and Tulare to help growers adapt their fruit, nut and vegetable production practices to variable climate conditions.
"Growers, farm and ranch managers, and technical assistance providers can learn about the latest research and advances in managing risks to agricultural production that can result from climate change and climate variability,” said Daniele Zaccaria, associate professor in agricultural water management for Cooperative Extension at UC Davis.
Tapan Pathak, UCCE specialist at UC Merced, will speak about climate change trends, potential impacts on agricultural production and decision support tools. Zaccaria and local experts will discuss cover cropping, pests and other issues.
During a roundtable session, participants will discuss their own production challenges resulting from climate change and variability.
“Participants will also learn about tools available to aid manage climate change and climate variability risks," Zaccaria said.
The Climate-Smart Agricultural Production Practices workshops will be held in three locations:
Ventura: Vegetable and Berry Production
March 5 (8 a.m.–1:30 p.m.)
669 County Square Dr., Suite 100
Speakers include UCCE advisors Andre Biscaro, Ben Faber and Mark Battany, and other scientists and experts from Ventura County Resource Conservation District and Land IQ. Register at https://bit.ly/VenturaCrops.
Salinas: Vegetable, Berry and Grapevine Production
March 6 (8 a.m. –2 p.m.)
1432 Abbott St.
Speakers include Daniel Hasegawa and Eric Brennan of USDA-ARS and UCCE advisors Larry Bettiga, Michael Cahn and Mark Bolda. Register at https://bit.ly/SalinasCrops.
Tulare: Fruit and Nut Production
March 7 (8 a.m.–2 p.m.)
4500 South Laspina St.
Speakers include UCCE advisors Jhalendra Rijal, Mark Battany, Mohammad Yaghmour, Sandipa Gautam, Brent Holtz and other scientists and experts from USDA-NRCS, Almond Board of California; California Pistachio Research Board and Land IQ. Register at https://bit.ly/TulareCrops.
Workshops are free and include coffee breaks, lunch, workshop materials along with the presentations. Registration is required.
These workshops are supported by grants from the California Department of Food and Agriculture and USDA's National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
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