- Author: Ben Faber
Here's a pretty technical report of water efficiency in avocado - the amount of water it takes to make fruit. It looks like there might be some varieties that could produce more fruit with less water. It's a promising start to selecting a tree that could produce under the increasing drought conditions found in avocado growing areas.
Evaluation of leaf carbon isotopes and functional traits in avocado reveals water-use efficient cultivars
Plant water-use efficiency (WUE) describes the ratio of carbon gain to water loss during photosynthesis. It has been shown that WUE varies among crop genotypes, and crops with high WUE can increase agricultural production in the face of finite water supply. We used measures of leaf carbon isotopic composition to compare WUE among 24 cultivars of Persea americana Mill (avocado) to determine genotypic variability in WUE, identify potentially efficient cultivars, and to better understand how breeding for yield and fruit quality has affected WUE. To validate carbon isotope measurements, we also measured leaf photosynthetic gas exchange of water and carbon, and leaf and stem functional traits of cultivars with the highest and lowest carbon isotope composition to quantify actual WUE ranges during photosynthesis. Our results indicate large variation in WUE among cultivars and coordination among functional traits that structure trade-offs in water loss and carbon gain. Identifying cultivars of subtropical tree crops that are efficient in terms of water use is critical for maintaining a high level of food production under limited water supply. Plant functional traits, including carbon isotopes, appear to be an effective tool for identifying species or genotypes with particular carbon and water economies in managed ecosystems.
Read the article:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880918301828
- Author: Ben Faber
The Irrigation Training & Research Center (ITRC) of Cal Poly San Luis Obispo tested 28 different pressure-compensating models of microirrigation emitting devices from a total of nine manufacturers in order to compare independent laboratory testing with manufacturer specifications.
The test results indicate that:
The majority of ~0.5 gallon-per-hour emitters (drippers), regardless of manufacturer exhibited:
-
Good uniformity of manufacturer
-
Had excellent response to pressure variation
-
Had consistent flow rates within the nominal operating pressure range
But that the percentage of well-performing products decreased as the designed flow rate increased. Many of the emitters designated as microsprinklers or sprayers, although pressure compensating did not compensate at the normal operating pressures. Often the pressure compensating feature did not start performing until much higher pressures were achieved. Often this occurred when clogging occurred and this clogging often occurred where the pressure diaphragm was located and was not performing. Sediment would get in back of the diaphragm. Effectively the emitters were not pressure compensating. The testing procedure of numerous medium and high flow models also found individual pieces were found to be defective. These faulty emitters had a measurable effect on the evaluation for those models.
Read more at: http://www.itrc.org/reports/pdf/emitters.pdf
An example of the comparisons that ITRC canbee seen here of their results, compared to the manufacturers' values:
- Author: Ben Faber
Presented by
California Avocado Society, Inc., California Avocado Commission, and University of California Cooperative Extension
California Avocado Growers Seminars Series 2018
Scheduled Dates and Topics
February Seminar Topic
Pest Monitoring and Management
Speakers:
Tuesday, February 6, 2018, 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m.,
UC Cooperative Extension Office Auditorium, 2156 Sierra Way, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401
Wednesday, February 7, 2018, 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m.,
UC Cooperative Extension Office Auditorium, 669 County Square Dr. Ventura, CA 93003
Thursday, February 8, 2018, 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m.,
Fallbrook Public Utility District Board Rm., 990 East Mission Rd. Fallbrook, CA 92028
April Seminar Topic
Old and New Smart Agriculture
Speakers:
Khaled Bali: Irrigation Specialist, Kearney REC
Alireza Pourreza: Ag Engineer, UC Davis
Tim Spann: California Avocado Commission Research Program Director
Dates/Times/Locations:
Tuesday, April 17, 2018, 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m.,
UC Cooperative Extension Office Auditorium, 2156 Sierra Way, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401
Wednesday, April 18, 2018, 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m.,
UC Cooperative Extension Office Auditorium, 669 County Square Dr. Ventura, CA 93003
Thursday, April 19, 2018, 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m.,
Fallbrook Public Utility District Board Rm., 990 East Mission Rd. Fallbrook, CA 92028
June Seminar Topic
Irrigation: Selection of Sensors, Emitters, Injectors and Reading Water Reports
Selection of sensors, emitters
Dates/Times/Locations:
Tuesday, June 5, 2018, 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m.,
UC Cooperative Extension Office Auditorium, 2156 Sierra Way, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401
Wednesday, June 6, 2018, 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m.,
UC Cooperative Extension Office Auditorium, 669 County Square Dr. Ventura, CA 93003
Thursday, June 7, 2018, 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m.,
Fallbrook Public Utility District Board Rm., 990 East Mission Rd. Fallbrook, CA 92028
August Seminar Topic
Grower Seminar and Field Tour
Details to come.
Dates/Times/Locations: One site only
Wednesday, August 1, 2018, 10:00 - 2:00 p.m.,
South Coast Research & Extension Center Conference Room, 7601 Irvine Blvd., Irvine, CA 92818
- Author: Ben Faber
So, every few weeks the question comes up of whether to install soil moisture meters which leads to the question of which to buy and install or have installed. And then come the questions of what do the readings mean and why aren't the readings consistent. Or maybe this question arrives after the grower has installed the sensors or system and the values don't conform to a known or knowable pattern.
The first question to the grower is why they want to install soil moisture sensors or a system. Everyone has a different answer which I've always found interesting. Usually it boils down to having more or better information, although it's hard to beat a good old soil auger. Which takes time and labor.
So once that is cleared up, it comes down to what area they want to monitor. Is it an acre, 10 acres, 50 acres, 100 acres, 200 acres, 1,000 etc.? What are the different irrigation blocks, soil types, aspects? How complex is the area that is to be monitored? Do they need one monitoring site or many? Can the information be gathered in the field, or does it need to be accessed from a distance? Linked by hardwire, infrared, cell phone, wifi, satellite, etc.?
Then the question is does the grower do the installation or is it done by a company? And then whatever the case is, who maintains the system and for that matter, who maintains the information? What software is used and who interprets it?
And what sensors are being used: tension, electrical resistance, conductance, capacitance, electromagnetic…….? The list seems to go on and there are no models and brands coming out on a regular basis. And how reliable are the sensors? What's their lifespan? And what are they measuring and in what units? How affected are the readings by salinity and what soil volume are they measuring? And how important is their placement?
This last point is so often overlooked. The sensor needs to be in the active root zone where water is being taken up. Not where it's convenient to read, not where the plants cant use the water. Placement is so often overlooked.
And then how much do you want to spend? $100 per installation, $1000? With a monthly or yearly maintenance fee or none? Who responds when there are problems?
Wow, so yeah, there are lots of questions. Here's a chart that might help categorize some of the questions:
Method |
Cost |
Ease of use |
Accuracy |
Reliability |
Salt-affected |
Stationary |
Gypsum block |
L |
H |
H |
H |
L |
YES |
Tensiometer |
L |
M |
H |
M |
L |
YES |
Portable tensiometer |
M |
M |
H |
M |
L |
NO |
Solid-state tensiometer |
M |
H |
H |
H |
L |
YES |
Time domain reflectometer |
H |
M |
H |
H |
M |
BOTH |
Neutron probe |
H |
L |
H |
H |
L |
YES |
Feel (soil probe) |
L |
H |
H |
H |
L |
NO |
Gravimetric (oven) |
L |
M |
H |
H |
L |
NO |
Conductance |
L |
H |
M |
M |
H |
BOTH |
Capacitance |
M |
H |
M |
H |
M |
BOTH |
H, high; M, medium; L, low
And the good Almond Doctor might help some more:
http://thealmonddoctor.com/2015/07/10/soil-moisture-sensing-systems/
And maybe some of these publications can help sort out what questions to ask
http://calag.ucanr.edu/Archive/?article=ca.v054n03p38
http://calag.ucanr.edu/Archive/?article=ca.v054n03p47
http://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu/Details.aspx?itemNo=21635
Khaled Bali, our Irrigation Specialist at Kearney Research and Education Center near Fresno, is part of a group in the process of evaluating different types and models of soil moisture sensors. He should have a publication that can more accurately sort through the many sensor choices that are available at this time. But in time, there should be more models on the market and new update will be necessary.
The question, though, is to ask yourself how irrigation is being done and how it can be improved. The basics of design, maintenance, distribution uniformity and how scheduling is being currently done – when and how much to apply. Definitely, soil moisture sensors can help, but you gotta know how to use them and maintain them, just like the whole irrigation system.
A grower who uses tensiometers told me that people think of soil sensors as though they were reading a book. Something cut and dried. A simple plot line that you follow. Irrigation is not a book. There are many other subplots to irrigation than just reading the digital face. Looking at the weather, evapotranspiration, the tree, how fast the moisture is depleted, how deep the moisture is being pulled from all contribute to the "sensors" used to irrigate. Use them all. Even though this grower has irrigators on 250 acres of trees, he also checks the orchard tensiometers at least once a week on his own to confirm all of his senses.
- Author: Ben Faber
There is money out there to help with irrigation improvements. Along with USDA funding through The Natural Resources Conservation Service and many local Resource Conservation Districts, there are often funds from the state. In Ventura County there is a source of funding that is being made locally administered by the VC Farm Bureau. Check this out and follow some of the threads to find other local funding for improved water management.
VENTURA COUNTY AGRICULTURAL WATER AND ENERGY USE EFFICIENCY PROGRAM (AWUE)
Technical Assistance and Equipment Rebates
FACT SHEET
Funded by a State of California Proposition 84 Drought Grant*
The drought and groundwater sustainability goals are challenging farmers to use every drop wisely. To help, the State of California has awarded Ventura County a cost share grant with $1.2 million available for technical assistance and equipment rebates to improve agricultural irrigation and energy efficiency.
What does the funding cover?
The program will rebate farmers up to 60% of equipment upgrades that demonstrate quantifiable water and energy savings. This may include irrigation timers, meters, sprinklers, soil moisture sensors, drip tape and emitters, irrigation software, high efficiency pumps, pipes and valves. (Installation costs are not reimbursable due to grant restrictions.)
Who is eligible?
All commercial farms in Ventura County may complete the AWUE Interest Survey for the program. The farming operations with the greatest potential for savings will be invited to begin the program by signing the AWUE Cooperative Agreement (sample available for review at bit.ly/AWUE-grant).
How does it work?
Participating farms will have a free, on-site technical evaluation of operations and irrigation system(s) to develop a set of recommendations to improve water and energy efficiency. The evaluation may include a distribution uniformity (DU) test of the irrigation system(s) to determine if the system is applying irrigation water optimally, a review of irrigation scheduling vs. crop need, and other related practices and operational/testing equipment.
In conjunction with irrigation efficiency, opportunities for energy savings will also be evaluated. As a cooperative evaluation, innovative ideas that improve water efficiency will be explored for possible recommendation.
Equipment upgrades that are mutually agreed upon and implemented within one year at the farmer's upfront cost will be up to 60% reimbursed following a free post-project evaluation.
Are there other funding opportunities?
Farmers in Ventura County who meet certain requirements may also be eligible for funding from the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to further offset equipment costs of the same water and energy efficiency improvements. This includes special assistance funding for farms located in these Calleguas Creek subwatersheds: Revolon Slough, Beardsley Wash, Las Posas Arroyo and Lower Conejo Arroyo. Contact Dawn Afman, NRCS at dawn.afman@ca.usda.gov or (805) 984-2358 x101 for more information.
What is the timing
The AWUE Interest Survey completed by any Ventura County commercial farmer are currently being accepted until funding is exhausted. Surveys will be ranked and those with the greatest potential water savings will be invited to begin the process. NRCS potentially coordinated equipment improvements will receive extra credit in the selection process.
How do I begin?
Visit bit.ly/AWUE-grant webpage for current grant information. It is recommended that you review the sample AWUE Cooperative Agreement on the webpage to fully understand the program conditions before deciding to complete the AWUE Interest Survey.
Questions?
For AWUE program information questions, please contact Nancy Broschart, Farm Bureau of Ventura County, at nancy@farmbureauvc.com or (805) 289-0155.
For field evaluation questions, please contact Jamie Whiteford, Ventura County Resource Conservation District, at jamie.k.whiteford@gmail.com or (805) 764-5132.
*This is a cooperative program supported under the Safe Drinking Water, Water Quality and Supply, Flood Control, River and Coastal Protection Bond Act of 2006, administered by the State of California, Department of Water Resources; and the Ventura County Watershed Protection District as the Grantee.
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AWUE Summary