- Author: Ben Faber
This is the most recent activity summary of a group of organizations working on the Invasive Shot Hole Borers and their associated fungal symbionts. This pest/disease complex affects avocado along with a large number of native and landscape plants in California, as well as in other parts of the world (http://ucanr.edu/sites/pshb/; http://ucanr.edu/sites/pshb/files/238251.pdf):
Invasive Shot Hole Borers
Quarterly Situation Report
January through March 2018
Executive Summary
Overview
Education, outreach, and monitoring activities were robust during the cool damp winter months of 2018. Infestations continued to dominate Orange, San Diego, and Los Angeles counties, with lesser activity in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties. The need for funding of research, education, outreach, and waste management associated with ISHB was brought to the attention of state governance. Preventative efforts to increase awareness of ISHB in unaffected counties continued. Collaborative efforts of numerous agencies, educational institutions, and non-profit groups resulted in the successful efforts listed below.
Statewide
The two-day Invasive Species Summit was held in the State Capitol for legislators and their staff to learn about environmental pressures and costs created by these species statewide. Three pieces of proposed legislation were written either specific to or with components addressing ISHB. They are: AB 2054 (Gonzlez Fletcher), AB 2166 – California Farm Bill, AB 2470 (Grayson) – Invasive Species Council.
The Statewide SHB Network convened telephonically to discuss ISHB, spread, threat, and help educate those in unaffected counties. An ISHB presentation was given at a statewide horticultural convention in northern California.
The triennial California Native Plant Society Conservation Conference was held near Los Angeles International Airport. ISHB was addressed at a pre-conference invasive species workshop, throughout the conference by tabling and poster session, and during the Invasive Species Session.
Regional
UCCE San Diego helmed a two-part GSOB/ISHB-FD webinar, along with other UCCE and CALFIRE collaborators. The first installment streamed in March.
UCCE San Diego began work on an online ISHB survey assessment tool that will be accessible when completed on PSHB.org. This feature will help the public determine if tree symptoms may be due to an ISHB infestation. An added component will allow UCCE to monitor reporting. The decision tree that is part of the assessment takes the reporter to part of the site whereby photos can be submitted if the tool determines a probability of ISHB infestation. This tool will be completed, tested, reviewed, and posted to the website by summer 2018.
San Diego County
- Two ISHB public educational events were presented
- Buy It Where You Burn It campaign distributed literature countywide
Orange County
- Four ISHB public educational events were presented
- Numerous trap and monitoring sites are established throughout the county primarily in wildlands and parks
- Orange County Waste and Recycling learned 28% of all trees at Prima Deshecha Landfill in San Juan Capistrano are infested with ISHB/FD or Botryospaeria. Most of the vegetation at this site is comprised of native species
- A post-incident GSOB/ISHB reconnaissance was conducted in Weir Canyon, where the Canyon II Fire burned in autumn 2017
- Orange County Parks continued to track tree losses and costs associated with ISHB infestations on its properties. An economic report was publicly released
Los Angeles County
- Three ISHB public educational events were presented
- A funding request was submitted to County governance to continue the ISHB trapping program coordinated by the Resource Conservation District of the Santa Monica Mountains
- The Huntington continued monitoring and green waste processing at the 207-acre facility. An ISHB trapping trial by principal investigator at UC Riverside was initiated that utilizes castor wood as the attractant
Ventura County
- Twenty-six traps are established and monitored in the Santa Clara River watershed extending from the estuary to Piru
- Fifteen traps are established and monitored in the Ventura River watershed. This number is down by two after being lost during the Thomas Fire
- A new infestation was identified in the City of Santa Paula proximal to a known infestation in the Santa Clara River
- One ISHB educational event was presented to Master Gardeners
Santa Barbara County
- Seven traps are being monitored in Montecito and the City of Santa Barbara
- Three traps in Montecito were lost from the January debris flow disaster
- One ISHB educational event was presented to Master Gardeners
San Luis Obispo County
- One ISHB educational event was presented to Master Gardeners
Articles:
A. Raver. The tiny menace. Landscape Architecture Magazine. March 2018.
https://landscapearchitecturemagazine.org/2018/03/13/the-tiny-menace/
Images:
Shot Hole Borer galleries, cottonwood
Shot Hole Borer entry point, sycamore. Curtis Ewing, CAL FIRE
- Author: Ben Faber
Ambrosia beetles comprise a group of over 6,000 species in the Scolytinae subfamily. Most of these beetles typically attack decomposing and dead trees. The Polyphagous/Kuroshio Shot Borers have been reports on over 300 landscape and wildland living tree species, including avocado. Decline and death of trees has been noted in California since 2012, and the full economic extent is still unclear. The beetles feeds on a fungal symbiont that is introduced into the tree, and it is the fungus that spreads throughout the tree and causes the tree decline and death.
What was once thought to be another species of beetle (Tea Shot Hole Borer) and then identified as a new species - Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer- and now expanded to include another species of borer – Kuroshio Shot Hole – is showing that its fungal partners can be quite diverse. A recent publication indicates the increasing tangled association of the shot hole borer/disease complex that is affecting avocado and other tree species.
Two Novel Fungal Symbionts Fusarium kuroshium sp. nov. and Graphium kuroshium sp. nov. of Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer (Euwallacea sp. nr. fornicatus) Cause Fusarium Dieback on Woody Host Species in California
Francis Na, Joseph D. Carrillo, Joey S. Mayorquin, Cedric Ndinga-Muniania, and Jason E. Stajich, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, 92521; Richard Stouthamer, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 92521; Yin-Tse Huang, Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC, and School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; Yu-Ting Lin and Chi-Yu Chen, Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC; and Akif Eskalen,† Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, 92521
https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-07-17-1042-RE
Shot hole borer (SHB)-Fusarium dieback (FD) is a new pest-disease complex affecting numerous tree species in California and is vectored by two distinct, but related ambrosia beetles (Euwallacea sp. nr. fornicatus) called polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) and Kuroshio shot hole borer (KSHB). These pest-disease complexes cause branch dieback and tree mortality on numerous wildland and landscape tree species, as well as agricultural tree species, primarily avocado. The recent discovery of KSHB in California initiated an investigation of fungal symbionts associated with the KSHB vector. Ten isolates of Fusarium sp. and Graphium sp., respectively, were recovered from the mycangia of adult KSHB females captured in three different locations within San Diego County and compared with the known symbiotic fungi of PSHB. Multigene phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF1-α), and RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB1, RPB2) regions as well as morphological comparisons revealed that two novel fungal associates Fusarium kuroshium sp. nov. and Graphium kuroshium sp. nov. obtained from KSHB were related to, but distinct from the fungal symbionts F. euwallaceae and G. euwallaceae associated with PSHB in California. Pathogenicity tests on healthy, young avocado plants revealed F. kuroshium and G. kuroshium to be pathogenic. Lesion lengths from inoculation of F. kuroshium were found to be significantly shorter compared with those caused by F. euwallaceae, while no difference in symptom severity was detected between Graphium spp. associated with KSHB and PSHB. These findings highlight the pest disease complexes of KSHB-FD and PSHB-FD as distinct, but collective threats adversely impacting woody hosts throughout California.
- Author: Devii Rao
Title: Area Livestock and Natural Resources Advisor
Specialty: Rangeland Ecology and Management, Rangeland Conservation, Grazing Management, Conservation of Biological Diversity, Watershed Protection and Management.
County: San Benito County
Address:
Cooperative Extension San Benito County
3228 Southside Road
Hollister, CA 95023
Phone: 831-637-5346 x14
Email: drorao@ucanr.edu
Do you have yellow starthistle, Italian thistle, Himalaya blackberry, white top, or other common Central Coast rangeland weeds on your ranch? If so, you may be wondering which herbicides are most effective, how much they cost, what is required to purchase and spray a particular herbicide, when to spray, whether the herbicide affects grasses or clovers, and if the herbicide is safe for your livestock and pets. Many Central Coast rangeland landowners have been asking these same questions. So, I compiled this information in two tables. Table 1 shows some of our common rangeland weeds and different herbicide treatment options. Table 2 lists six of the most commonly used rangeland herbicides, and answers questions about cost, when to spray, purchasing requirements, affected plants, and grazing/pet restrictions. All of this information is already available from a variety of sources, but I have put it together in two easy to use reference tables. The tables are self-explanatory for the most part, but the information below may clarify a few things.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
IPM is a weed management approach that uses multiple control methods. Control methods could include mechanical control, manual control, grazing, seeding, herbicide, etc. The most effective options will depend on the particular species you are trying to control. This blog post focuses on herbicide because I am often asked about chemical treatment options. However, your weed control efforts will likely be most successful if you use a variety of methods.
Operator ID's, Restricted Materials Permits, & Private Applicator Certificates
Most of the herbicides in Table 2 are general use pesticides, meaning that you only need an operator ID to purchase and use them (Carbonaro, pers. comm.). Operator ID's are free and can be obtained from your County Agricultural Commissioner's office. No test is required. But, you'll need to show a property map in order to get your operator ID.
One herbicide in Table 2, 2, 4-D, is a California state restricted pesticide when applied on rangelands. Before you can purchase or spray California state restricted pesticides, two things are required: a Private or Commercial Applicator Certificate and a restricted materials permit. You can get a Private Applicator Certificate from your County Ag Commissioner's office. This requires taking a free test. The test is based on Pesticide Safety: A Reference Manual for Private Applicators, 2nd Ed., published by the University of California. This book can be purchased from most County Ag Commissioner or UC Cooperative Extension offices or online at: http://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu/Details.aspx?itemNo=3383. Once you have your Private Applicator Certificate you'll be able to obtain a restricted materials permit, again from your County Ag Commissioner's office. Alternatively, you can hire a licensed pest control business to purchase and spray California state restricted pesticides.
Read Labels, Follow Federal, State & Local Regulations, and Report Pesticide Use to Your County Ag Department
Although Table 2 includes information from the herbicide labels, it is not a substitute for reading the entire herbicide label before you spray (Carbonaro, pers. comm.). Always read the label before using any of these herbicides. In California, in addition to following the label, applicators will also need to follow federal, state, and local regulations. And, remember that you should submit a pesticide use report to your County Agricultural Commissioner's office for all pesticides used on rangelands.
For additional information about weeds and how to manage them, check out this website: http://wric.ucdavis.edu. The Invasive Thistles of Bay Area Counties & Herbicides for Controlling Thistles Handout compiled by Guy Kyser, UC Cooperative Extension Specialist in Weed Science at UC Davis is a great resource and is attached at the bottom of this blog post.
References
Carbonaro, D. 2017. Personal communication, 4/16/2017. Carbonaro is a Senior Biologist/Inspector with the San Benito County Agricultural Commissioner's Office.
DiTomaso, J.M. G.B. Kyser et al. 2013. Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States. WRIC, UC.
Kyser, G. Unpublished. Invasive Thistles of Bay Area & Herbicides for Controlling Thistles.
Table 1. Common Central Coast Rangeland Weeds
|
PlantSpecies |
Herbicides Options Approved for useon CaliforniaRangelands |
Rangeland Herbicides Known to beEffective |
|
|
Bullthistle (Cirsium vulgare) |
2, 4-D (Severalnames) Aminopyralid(Milestone) Clopyralid(Transline) Dicamba (Banvel,Clarity) Triclopyr (Garlon 3A/Garlon 4Ultra)Chlorsulfuron(Telar) Imazapyr (Arsenal,Polaris) |
Milestone, Transline, Capstone (=Milestone + Garlon),Garlon, Roundup (Kyser,unpublished)
2,4-D is often used because it is inexpensive. However, itis not as effective as otherherbicides. |
|
|
Bull thistle weed report: |
http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/natural%20areas/wr_C/Cirsium_vulgare.pdf |
||
|
Cocklebur (commonand spiny cocklebur) (Xanthium strumarium) (Xanthium spinosum) |
2, 4-D (Severalnames) Aminopyralid(Milestone) Clopyralid(Transline) Dicamba (Banvel,Clarity) Fluroxypyr (VistaXRT) Triclopyr (Garlon 4 Ultra, RemedyUltra)Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II,and others) Imazapyr (Arsenal,Polaris) Sulfosulfuron(Outrider) |
Aminopyralid(Milestone) Clopyralid(Transline) |
|
|
Cocklebur weed report: |
http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/natural%20areas/wr_X/Xanthium_spinosum-strumarium.pdf |
||
|
Fiddleneck (Menziesandcoastfiddleneck) (Amsinckiamenziesii)(Amsinckia menziesiivar. intermedia) |
Aminopyralid(Milestone) Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II,and others) Chlorsulfuron(Telar)Imazapyr (Arsenal,Polaris) Sulfosulfuron(Outrider)Hexazinone (VelparDF) |
Aminopyralid(Milestone) Chlorsulfuron(Telar) |
|
|
Fiddleneck weedreport: |
http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/natural%20areas/wr_A/Amsinckia.pdf |
||
|
Foxtail (Mediterraneanand harebarley) (Hordeum marinumssp.gussonianum) (Hordeum murinumssp.leporinum) |
Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II,and others) Imazapyr (Arsenal,Polaris) Rimsulfuron(Matrix) Sulfometuron + chlorsulfuron(LandmarkXP) Sulfosulfuron(Outrider)Hexazinone (VelparL) |
Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II, and others) iseffective, but is nonselective, so will kill most other plants as well.If glyphosate is to be used, reseed to reduce bare groundand encroachment of other weedspecies.
Rimsulfuron (Matrix) will likely control control foxtail,based on limiteddata. |
|
Foxtail weedreport: |
http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/natural%20areas/wr_H/Hordeum_marinum-murinum.pdf |
|
|
Frenchbroom (Genista monspessulana) |
Triclopyr (Garlon 3A, Garlon 4Ultra,PathfinderII) Aminopyralid + triclopyr(Capstone) Triclopyr + 2,4-D(Crossbow) Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II,and others) Imazapyr (Arsenal,Polaris) |
Triclopyr (Garlon 3A, Garlon 4 Ultra, PathfinderII)
Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II, and others) iseffective, but resprouts will need to be controlled. Glyphosateis nonselective, so will kill most other plants as well. Ifglyphosate is to be used, reseed to reduce bare groundand encroachment of other weedspecies. |
|
French broom weedreport: |
http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/natural%20areas/wr_G/Genista.pdf |
|
|
Goatgrass (jointed and barbgoatgrass) (Aegilops cylindrica) (Aegilops triuncialis) |
Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II,and others) Sulfometuron + chlorsulfuron(LandmarkXP) |
Research is currently being conducted to identify most effective options for goatgrass. |
|
Goatgrass weedreport: |
http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/natural%20areas/wr_A/Aegilops_cylindrica-triuncialis.pdf |
|
|
Himalayablackberry (Rubus armeniacus) |
Dicamba (Banvel,Clarity) Fluroxypyr (VistaXRT) Triclopyr (Garlon 3A, Garlon 4Ultra,PathfinderII) Aminopyralid + triclopyr (Capstone) Glyphosate (Roundup/Accord XRT II,and others) Hexazinone (VelparL) Tebuthiuron(Spike) |
Triclopyr (Garlon 3A, Garlon 4 Ultra, Pathfinder II) canbe effective on smallindividuals.
Glyphosate (Roundup/Accord XRT II, and others) canbe effective, but may requireretreatment. |
|
Himalaya blackberry weed report: |
http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/natural%20areas/wr_R/Rubus.pdf |
|
|
Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus) |
2, 4-D (Severalnames) Aminopyralid(Milestone) Aminopyralid + 2,4-D (ForefrontHL) Aminopyralid + triclopyr(Capstone) Clopyralid(Transline) Dicamba (Banvel,Clarity) Fluroxypyr (VistaXRT) Triclopyr (Garlon 3A, Garlon 4Ultra)Triclopyr + 2,4-D(Crossbow) Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II,and others) Chlorsulfuron(Telar)Imazapyr (Arsenal,Polaris) Hexazinone (VelparL) |
Aminopyralid (Milestone) is highly effective on thistles.
Milestone, Transline, Capstone (=Milestone + Garlon),Garlon, Roundup (Kyser,unpublished)
2,4-D is often used because it is inexpensive. However, itis not as effective as otherherbicides. |
|
Italian thistle weedreport: |
http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/natural%20areas/wr_C/Carduus_acanthoides-nutans-pycnocephalus-tenuiflorus.pdf |
|
|
Medusahead (Taeniatherumcaput -medusae) |
Aminopyralid(Milestone) Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II,and others) Rimsulfuron(Matrix) LandmarkXP |
Aminopyralid (Milestone) provided up to 90% controlof medusahead based on research in the CentralValley. |
|
Medusahead weedreport: |
http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/natural%20areas/wr_T/Taeniatherum.pdf |
|
|
Milkthistle (Silybum marianum) |
2, 4-D (Severalnames) Aminopyralid(Milestone) Clopyralid(Transline) Dicamba (Banvel,Clarity) Chlorsulfuron(Telar)Rimsulfuron(Matrix) |
Milestone, Transline, Capstone (=Milestone + Garlon),Garlon, Roundup (Kyser,unpublished) |
|
Milk thistle weedreport: |
http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/natural%20areas/wr_S/Silybum.pdf |
|
|
Purple starthistle (Centaurea calcitrapa) |
2, 4-D (Severalnames) Aminopyralid(Milestone) Clopyralid(Transline) Dicamba (Banvel,Clarity) Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II,and others) Hexazinone (VelparL) |
Milestone, Transline, Capstone (=Milestone + Garlon),Garlon, Roundup (Kyser,unpublished) |
|
Purple starthistleweed report: |
http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/natural%20areas/wr_C/Centaurea_calcitrapa-iberica.pdf |
|
|
Tumbleweed(Russian thistle) (Salsola tragus) |
2, 4-D (SeveralNames) Aminocyclopyrachlor +Aminopyralid(Milestone) Dicamba (Banvel,Clarity) Triclopyr (Garlon 3A, Garlon 4Ultra)Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II,and others) Chlorsulfuron(Telar)Imazapyr (Arsenal,Polaris) Hexazinone (VelparL) |
Research is currently being conducted to identify most effective options fortumbleweed. |
|
Tumbleweed weedreport: |
http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/crop/natural%20areas/wr_S/Salsola_paulsenii-tragus.pdf |
|
|
Whitetop/hell weed (Cardaria draba) |
2, 4-D (Severalnames) Dicamba + 2,4-D Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II,and others Chlorsulfuron(Telar)Imazapyr (Arsenal,Polaris) |
Chlorsulfuron (Telar) is one of the best control optionsfor plants in the Cardariagenus.
2,4-D is often used because it is inexpensive. However, itis not as effective as otherherbicides. |
|
Whitetop weedreport: |
http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/natural%20areas/wr_C/Cardaria_chalepensis-draba-pubescens.pdf |
|
|
Yellowstarthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) |
2, 4-D (Severalnames) Aminopyralid(Milestone) Clopyralid(Transline) Dicamba (Banvel,Clarity) Triclopyr (Garlon 3A, Garlon 4Ultra)Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II,and others) Chlorsulfuron(Telar)Imazapyr (Arsenal,Polaris) Hexazinone (VelparL) |
Aminopyralid (Milestone) is the best option to controlyellow starthistle.
Clopyralid (Transline) is also veryeffective.
Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II, and others) is thebest option in the lateseason. |
|
Yellow starthistleweedreport: |
http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/natural%20areas/wr_C/Centaurea_solstitialis.pdf |
|
Table 2. Commonly Used Rangeland Herbicides, Including When and How to Use Them
|
Chemical Name/Product Name1 |
Price2* |
Registered for useonCalifornia rangelands3 |
Requirements to Purchase/Spray Herbicide3 |
Preemergent/ Postemergent1 |
Best time tospray4 |
TargetedPlants4 |
|
Triclopyr(Garlon 3A/Garlon 4Ultra,Remedy Ultra,PathfinderII) |
$70/gallon |
Yes |
Operator ID# |
Postemergent |
Spray after all of theweed seed has germinated,but before the plants getbig. |
Kills broadleaves, but not grasses
Killsclovers5 |
|
Aminopyralid(Milestone) |
$300/gallon |
Yes |
Operator ID# |
Preemergentand postemergent |
January -March |
Kills thistles andlegumes, and some otherbroadleaves, but notgrasses
Killsclovers5 |
|
Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II, and others) |
$21/gallon |
Yes |
Operator ID# |
Postemergent |
Spray after all of theweed seed has germinated,but before the plants getbig. |
Kills any greenvegetation. Tree leaves can be sprayed, but it will not be effectiveifsprayed on treetrunks. |
|
Chemical Name/Product Name1 |
Price2* |
Registered for useonCalifornia rangelands3 |
Requirements to Purchase/Spray Herbicide3 |
Preemergent/ Postemergent1 |
Best time tospray4 |
TargetedPlants4 |
|
Chlorsulfuron (Telar) |
$21/ounce |
Yes |
Operator ID# |
Preemergent, can also be usedas postemergent |
Spray around the timeof the first rains, a littlebefore or a little afterthe first rains is fine.Spraybefore seedilngs getbig. |
Check label for plants affected. This herbidiceisspecies specific. Although,itis generally safe on grasses1.
Killsclovers5 |
|
Clopyralid(Transline) |
$170/gallon |
Yes |
Operator ID# |
Postemergent |
Spray after all of theweed seed has germinated,but before the plants getbig. |
Kills thistles and legumes,but notgrasses
Killsclovers5 |
|
2, 4-D (DMA4IVM, Weedar 64and manyothers) |
2, 4-D Amine- $13/gallon2, 4-D Ester- $19/gallon |
Yes |
Restricted materialspermit and applicator certificate |
Postemergent |
Spray after all of theweed seed has germinated,but before the plants getbig. |
Kills broadleaves, but not grasses
Killsclovers5 |
|
Triclopyr(Garlon 3A/Garlon 4Ultra,Remedy Ultra,PathfinderII) |
"Grazing green forage: There are no grazing restrictions for livestock or dairy animals on treated areas...Haying (harvesting ofdried forage): Do not harvest hay for 14 days after application...Slaughter Restrictions: During the season of application, withdrawlivestock from grazing treated grass at least 3 days before slaughter...Livestock Use of Water from Treatment Area: There are no restrictionson livestock consumption of water from the treatmentarea." Herbicide Label:https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/www.agrian.com/pdfs/Garlon_3A_Label1i.pdf |
|
Aminopyralid(Milestone) |
"Grazing and Haying Restrictions: There are no restrictions on grazing or grass hay harvest following application of Milestone atlabeledrates. Cutting hay too soon after spraying weeds will reduce weed control. Wait 14 days after herbicide application to cut grass haytoallow herbicide to work. Do not transfer grazing animals from areas treated with Milestone to areas where sensitive broadleafcrops occur without first allowing 3 days of grazing on an untreated pasture. Otherwise, urine and manure may contain enoughaminopyralidto cause injury to sensitive broadleaf plants...For applications on rangeland and permanent grass pastures (not harvested for hay)andnon-cropland areas, do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas until sprays have dried...Grazing Poisonous Plants:Herbicideapplication may increase palatability of certain poisonous plants. Do not graze treated areas until poisonous plants are dry andnolonger palatable to livestock...Hay from grass treated with Milestone within the preceding 18-months can only be used on the farmor ranch where the product is applied unless allowed by supplemental labeling." Check label for specific restrictions on moving hay,or using hay for silage,etc. Herbicide Label:https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/www.agrian.com/pdfs/Milestone_Label1h.pdf |
|
Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II, and others) |
"DOMESTIC ANIMALS: This product is considered to be relatively nontoxic to dogs and other domestic animals; however, ingestionof this product or large amounts of freshly sprayed vegetation may result in temporary gastrointestinal irritation (vomiting, diarrhea,colic, etc.). If such symptoms are observed, provide the animal with plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. Call a veterinarianifsymptoms persistfor morethan24hours...Donotfeedor grazeturfgrass grownfor seedor sodproductionfor 8weeks followingapplication...If application rates total 4.5 pints per acre or less, no waiting period between treatment and feeding or livestockgrazing is required. If the rate is greater than 4.5 pints per acre, remove domestic livestock before application and wait 8 weeksafter application before grazing orharvesting." Herbicide Label:https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/www.agrian.com/pdfs/Roundup_Custom_Label2.pdf |
|
Chlorsulfuron (Telar) |
"There are no grazing or hay harvest restrictions for any livestock, including lactating animals, with application rates up to 11/3 ounces/acre of TELAR® XP. No exclosure is required for any animals. Do not apply more than 1 1/3 ounces/acre of TELAR® XP peracreper year. No exclosure is required for anyanimals." Herbicide Label:https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/www.agrian.com/pdfs/DuPont_Telar_XP_Herbicide_Label5a.pdf |
|
|
|
|
Clopyralid(Transline) |
"Grazing/Haying: There are no restrictions on grazing or hay harvest following application of Transline at labeled rates exceptfor exported grass hay from California, Nevada, Washington and Oregon (see instructions in the Range and Permanent GrassPasturesection)...Do not transfer livestock from treated grazing areas, or from feeding of treated hay, to sensitive broadleaf cropareaswithout first allowing 3 days of grazing on an untreated pasture (or feeding of untreated hay). If livestock are transferred withinless than 3 days of grazing untreated pasture or eating untreated hay, urine and manure may contain enough clopyralid to cause injuryto sensitive broadleaf plants...For applications to fallow cropland, rangeland, pasture, and non-crop areas, do not enter treatedareasuntil sprays have dried. For early entry to treated areas, wear eye protection, chemical-resistant gloves made of anywaterproof material, long-sleeved shirt, long pants, shoes andsocks." Herbicide Label:https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/www.agrian.com/pdfs/Transline1v_Label.pdf |
|
2, 4-D (DMA4IVM, Weedar 64and manyothers) |
"For grazed areas, the maximum use rate is 4.21 pints of DMA 4 IVM (2 lb of acid equivalent) per acre perapplication...Preharvest Interval: Do not apply within 7 days of cutting forage for hay... If grass is to be cut for hay, Agricultural Use Requirements for the Worker Protection Standard areapplicable." Herbicide Label:https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/www.agrian.com/pdfs/DMA_4_IVM_Label1d.pdf |
Tables 1 $ 2 from Devii Rao, drorao@ucanr.edu
