- (Focus Area) Environment
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
There's a good reason why.
Shapiro has monitored the butterfly populations of central California since 1972 and maintains a research site at https://butterfly.ucdavis.edu. "I began doing the 4th of July butterfly count in 1978 and have done it every year since--always on the actual Fourth," he emailed his "posse" today.
"As I read the models, the first week of July this year will be at or near record heat every day," Shapiro wrote. "The maximum should be 108 or 109 on Wednesday, and Thursday the 4th about 106 here (Davis, Calif.)"
"As most of you know, under such heat butterflies go into heat-avoidance mode," he pointed out. "Any data generated after the T (temperature) reaches 100F are suspect. Does anyone record butterfly diversity when things are known to not be flying?"
Shapiro quipped that he knows his limits "and I am not going to push them, even with a supply of intravenous Gatorade. If I do the Willow Slough count it will be after the T retreats to a civilized level, which may not be until about the 9th or 10th."
"At any rate, don't expect a report on Thursday."
Note: You may know Shapiro not only for his incredible butterfly population data, but also for the "Beer for a Butterfly" contest he hosts every year in the three-county area of Sacramento, Yolo and Solano. The first person to net the first-of-the-year cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae, and win the contest receives a pitcher of beer or its equivalent. It's all part of his scientific research. P. rapae is emerging earlier and earlier as the regional climate has warmed, Shapiro says. (See Bug Squad post)
- Author: Gregory C Ira
I recently came across a national forum thread on iNaturalist where someone was curious to know more about the value of becoming a “certified” naturalist. Not surprisingly, there was a wide range of opinions. These ranged from supportive to skeptical to cynical. Because many of the responses came from people who have not taken a course themselves, I thought it might be valuable to share some data from people who actually completed a course – in this case, the UC California Naturalist course offered by over 60 different organizations around the state.
To summarize the forum discussion, the believers - commonly people who actually have taken a course – found that taking a course was useful for people who were new to an area, had no previous science background, or were looking for ways to connect and engage in volunteer service locally. The skeptics often cited the improbability of becoming a “master” or expert in anything after just taking a short course or the fact that a degree in many science fields would render certification unnecessary. Finally, the more cynical views suggested that certification was just another ploy to separate people from their money.
In California, our End-of-Course Evaluation provides useful insight into why people pursue naturalist certification, as well as their level of satisfaction with the course. The five most commonly cited reasons for pursuing naturalist certification from over 1,000 respondents were: 1) to learn more about the local environment, 2) learn about conservation issues, 3) spend time outside, 4) career development, and 5) meet people with similar interests. Securing the certification ranks sixth out of ten choices and is rarely the driving factor for taking the course.
Regardless of their rationale for taking the course, 72% of those who completed the course were very satisfied with their experience, and 93% were either very or somewhat satisfied. Regarding putting their experience to use, 95% of the respondents indicated that participation in the course improved their capacity to do their volunteer service, and the majority indicated they plan to do more in the coming year. Increasingly, more course participants are looking at the course as a form of professional development, and about 93% indicated that participation in the course improved their capacity to do their work or the work they would like to do in the future. Anecdotally, we find the social learning component of our program and our efforts to create an inclusive community of naturalists to be essential to the high levels of satisfaction and an important factor in sustained engagement.
It's also important to address the skeptical views and challenge the more cynical views of certification. First, no reputable naturalist certification program claims to make expert naturalists in a matter of a dozen weeks. The use of the term “master” naturalist is problematic for that and other reasons, which is why it's not used in our California program. We all agree that expertise is gained over time - often a lifetime - and our program is happy to simply inspire, support, or reinforce that pursuit.
Finally, while we live in a time full of scams, cons, and frauds the suggestion that certification is just a way to separate you from your money really reinforces my view of the debilitating nature of cynicism. Most naturalist certification programs are run on a shoestring budget. Statewide program costs are often supported by land grant universities, non-profits, or state agencies. The registration fees of a typical course are barely enough to cover the costs of the educators who deliver them. State and local programs regularly pursue grants, constantly writing proposals to ensure that cost isn't a barrier to participation. Having worked in this field for several decades now, I can safely say that the course instructors are driven not by profits but by their values and deep sense of purpose.
So, next time someone asks you about that California Naturalist or Climate Stewards pin you have on your hat/backpack/lapel, let them know what certification really means. Embrace their interest, address their skepticism, redirect their cynicism, and invite them to join our community and transform the way they see their environment and their role in protecting it.
/span>- Author: Michael Hsu
Organic Agriculture Institute needs assessment refines how it can address pressing challenges
The explosive growth of organic agriculture in the U.S. – reflected in a 90% increase in organic farms from 2011 to 2021, according to U.S. Department of Agriculture statistics – has come at a cost for some farmers. With new farming operations increasing the supply of organic commodities, along with consolidation of buyers, growers report that their profit margins are not what they used to be.
Those market size considerations are among the challenges highlighted in a new report detailing the initial findings by the University of California Organic Agriculture Institute on the most pressing needs of the state's organic sector. OAI gathered and analyzed data from 423 responses to an online grower survey, over 60 interviews with stakeholders across the organic community, and additional observations from farm visits and workshops.
The report describes other frequently mentioned systemic priorities, such as maintaining integrity of the term “organic,” developing a market for organic seeds, spreading consumer awareness, and alleviating the burdens of organic certification and reporting.
Shriya Rangarajan, the postdoctoral researcher with OAI leading this statewide needs assessment, said that the reported challenges varied by organic status (fully certified, transitioning to organic, or a mixed farm with some conventional), type of crop, as well as size of the operation. She noted survey respondents were roughly representative of the sector overall – 70% small-scale growers and 30% medium and large.
“Organic is not a homogenous industry, to say the least – small growers and large growers are very different; for small growers, their challenges tend to be financial and regulatory, especially relating to certification requirements and labor,” said Rangarajan. She added that larger growers mentioned different types of challenges, weeds and pest pressures for instance, given the difficulty in controlling managing these at scale without the use or availability of organic inputs.
Organic Agriculture Institute key to sharing resources across state
Another common theme from the assessment is that the organic sector needs more accessible resources to address those myriad concerns. For OAI, established in 2020 under UC Agriculture and Natural Resources, the initial findings validated and refined the direction of its research and extension programs.
“As a new organization, we've been trying to figure out where we fit into this ecosystem and how we can support it,” said Houston Wilson, a UC Cooperative Extension entomology specialist who has served as OAI's director since its founding.
Because OAI was envisioned as a hub of resources and connections for California's organic community, Wilson and his colleagues are especially interested in understanding how its constituent members obtain information – and how OAI can improve their access.
“Growers are finding it difficult to navigate the resources that exist for organic agriculture, like technical information, financial support, compliance and certification support,” Wilson said. "While we'd like to see more resources for organic in general, those that currently exist can sometimes be hard to navigate or it can be hard to know where to go for the right thing – that became really apparent early on.”
While some producers are contacting OAI directly with their questions, Wilson is eager to develop tools and systems that can serve the community more broadly. For example, Wilson and Krista Marshall – OAI's policy and partnerships coordinator – are currently beta-testing a new map tool, built in conjunction with UC ANR's Informatics and GIS (IGIS) team. The map, expected to be ready in fall 2024, will enable users to click on their county and see all available resources related to organic agriculture.
Wilson added that OAI will have four full-time staffers by fall, further expanding its research, extension, and education efforts. After holding four field events this past year, OAI aims to increase activities in the coming year, including not just field events but also online resources, webinars and more. Also, a new training and technical assistance coordinator will be tasked with bringing Cooperative Extension advisors and other technical assistance personnel across the state up to speed on a range of organic topics, so they can more effectively answer questions from clientele in their region.
New survey aims to trace crucial organic knowledge networks
Although the OAI team has gained a sense of how information is shared across the organic community (and started to formalize those interconnections through a California Organic Agriculture Knowledge Network), they are now developing a survey to study those relationships more systematically.
“We're trying to understand what kind of knowledge resources people tap into, which is something that has come up repeatedly in our needs assessment,” Rangarajan said. “We're trying to understand who people are speaking to because, at the end of the day, organic is still a relatively small part of agriculture in California, and that makes it more fragmented. So trying to connect those different parts becomes important.”
Once Wilson has a more nuanced understanding of organic knowledge networks, he will be able to strategize and position OAI – and the UC – as a more effective partner and contributor in the sector.
“Given the history of organic, growers have had to rely on each other a lot,” Wilson explained. “We understand that the university has unique expertise to bring to the table, but we also acknowledge that there's all these other knowledge holders out there, so one of the roles that we see ourselves having is helping to facilitate those connections, strengthen them and increase the frequency of interaction.”
That may include further supporting efforts that connect transitioning organic farmers with experienced growers (a mentorship program led by Certified California Organic Farmers, or CCOF), or giving more structure to grower-researcher partnerships that can help address a host of production challenges. In OAI's grower survey, weed management topped the list, followed by water and disease issues, all exacerbated by climate variability.
“I think a lot of the real innovation changes are coming through growers experimenting with their own practice,” Rangarajan explained. “From a research perspective, one of the best ways to take this forward would be to formalize those experiments in some way so that knowledge becomes more reportable.”
And collaboration on “organic topics,” such as finding alternatives to synthetic pesticides, are a boon to the entire agricultural sector – conventional growers included.
“Everyone is trying to reduce pesticide use; everyone is trying to reduce environmental impacts,” Wilson said. “You don't have to be certified organic to benefit from organic research; these practices can be used by anyone.”
The report with OAI's initial findings on organic needs can be found at: https://ucanr.edu/sites/organic/files/396228.pdf.
/h3>/h3>/h3>- Author: Grace Nguyen-Sovan Dean
La recién establecida Escuela de Arboricultura de California pretende preparar a los propietarios de bosques para que sepan cómo enfrentarse a los cambios que inevitablemente están experimentando sus áreas forestales ante el cambio climático.
La inspiración para la escuela de California se produjo cuando Kim Ingram, coordinadora de la Academia de Gestión Forestal, Katie Reidy, coordinadora académica de post incendios y Kocher asistieron al evento de la Escuela de Arboricultura de Extensión de la Universidad del Estados de Oregón en el condado de Clackamas, en Oregón.
Desde el 2020, el programa de Educación para Administradores de Bosques de UC ANR (FSE, por sus siglas en inglés) ha ayudado a los propietarios de bosques de California a ser proactivos ante dichos cambios. Los programas de talleres Forest Stewardship (Administración Forestal) y Post-Fire Forest Resilience (Resiliencia Forestal Tras los Incendios) usan un formato educativo en línea que guía a los propietarios de bosques sobre los pasos básicos para crear planes de gestión forestal y de paisajes después de los incendios, respectivamente. Actualmente, el equipo de FSE lleva a cabo el piloto de un nuevo programa para involucrar a una mayor audiencia de propietarios de bosques y miembros de la comunidad apasionados por los árboles.
Durante esta primavera, los equipos de Forest Stewardship y UC ANR Fire Network están llevando a cabo la primera Escuela de Arboricultura de California en la que las personas asisten a múltiples clases presenciales sobre los temas de silvicultura que más les interesan. “Los programas en línea están muy enfocados en los planes para la gestión forestal y actividad después de incendios y [la Escuela de Arboricultura] nos permite abordar otros temas”, manifestó Susie Kocher, asesora en bosques y recursos naturales de UC ANR
Un solo paso para continuar con la formación forestal
La Escuela de Arboricultura de OSU consiste en una experiencia de todo un día compuesta de clases que abarcan las diferentes dimensiones de silvicultura: la construcción de una casa con su propia madera, comercio de emisión de carbono y la compra de aserraderos portátiles son tan solo una pequeña muestra de las opciones que tienen los asistentes. Los estudiantes de la Escuela de Arboricultura de OSU van desde propietarios de bosques a estudiantes de colegios comunitarios, contribuyendo a un espacio que facilita las conexiones comunitarias y el aprendizaje.
Kocher describió la experiencia como “un día estupendo, una ventanilla única para estar al día de lo que nosotros [propietarios y profesionales forestales] debemos saber”. Emocionadas por la amplitud de oportunidades que ofrece la Escuela de Arboricultura de OSU, Ingram, Kocher y Reidy se sintieron inspiradas para traer el formato a California.
“Es nuestro momento para hablar sobre el ecosistema completo”, señaló Reidy. “La Escuela de Arboricultura aporta la confianza, un grupo confiable de expertos quienes pueden proporcionar más información sobre las preguntas relacionadas con las metas específicas de los propietarios”.
La primera Escuela de Arboricultura de California se llevó a cabo en Hopland el pasado 4 de mayo y la segunda será en El Dorado el 1 de junio. Similar a la Escuela de Arboricultura de OSU, se anticipaba una asistencia compuesta por propietarios de bosques, profesionales de recursos naturales y miembros de la comunidad interesados en el tema.
Conectando a los profesionales a nivel estatal y personalizando la educación forestal
La Escuela de Arboricultura ofrece a los asistentes la oportunidad de centrarse en temas que pertenecen a sus necesidades específicas de aprendizaje. Este enfoque personalizado es una nueva incursión para el equipo de administración de bosques, pero es algo que Ingram dice que los participantes del taller han estado deseando desde hace algún tiempo.
“Nuestros participantes nunca piensan que aprenden suficiente. Siempre están pidiendo más información y esta Escuela de Arboricultura nos da la oportunidad de ampliar sobre cosas que no hemos tenido la oportunidad de repasar durante la serie de talleres”, remarcó Ingram. Además, los instructores de la Escuela de Arboricultura cuentan con la libertad creativa a la hora de desarrollar sus clases, desde el tema hasta el formato de la clase. Eso se hace evidente al consultar el catálogo de las clases de cada sesión. Los asistentes de la Escuela de Arboricultura de California eligen asistir a cuatro clases, lo cual significa que pueden construir su primera pila de quema, entender los entresijos de la fauna silvestre, pintar al aire libre y conocer cómo apoyar los esfuerzos de reforestación a nivel estatal, todo en un uno.
“Siento que la Escuela de Arboricultura creó un sentido de confianza en torno a temas complejos”, indicó Reidy sobre su experiencia del año pasado en Oregón. Para la Escuela de Arboricultura de California, el equipo de administración de bosques intenta hacer lo mismo. Esto significa reclutar a través de la red de UC ANR y otras organizaciones, incluyendo CALFIRE y California Association of Resource Conservation Districts (Asociación de Distritos de Recursos para la Conservación o ARCD, por sus siglas en ingles), para aportar voces de confianza a la comunidad.
“Lo que tiene de emocionante la Escuelas de Arboricultura es que estamos aportando profesionales en recursos naturales de todas partes para atraer a todos a la misma vez y en un solo lugar”, manifestó Ingram.
El equipo esta emocionado de ver todas las conexiones que se harán entre los miembros de la comunidad y profesionales durante este año piloto “y si tiene éxito podemos repetirlo el año próximo”, comentó Kocher, “estamos definitivamente interesados en colaborar con más gente y expandir nuestro alcance”.
Hacer que la Escuela de Arboricultura de California fuera una experiencia en persona fue importante para el equipo ya que mucha de la educación es práctica. Además, Kocher ve un potencial adicional para hacer conexiones personales: “En persona, tienes esta oportunidad para que la gente se identifique como parte de la comunidad”, destacó Kocher, “así que estoy muy emocionado de que las personas pasen el rato entre si”.
Promover una comunidad informada
“No se puede separar lo emocional de lo físico y hay muchos temas sobre bosques como los incendios forestales y la economía que pueden ser un poco desalentadores”, señaló Ingram. “Estoy emocionada de ayudar a crear un ambiente de aprendizaje positivo en el que las personas se sientan motivadas a buscar en Extensión Cooperativa de UC este tipo de recursos”.
“Nuestro principal objetivo es difundir las ciencias”, coincidió Reidy. “Entre más expuesta este la gente a las ciencias, mayor es la confianza que sienten en sí mismos y en sus deseos y necesidades”.
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
She buzzed from blossom to blossom at Doran Regional Park while packing a ball of red pollen that seemed to increase in brilliance with every floral visit.
A native bee, Bombus vosnesenskii, on a native plant, Lupinus arboreus.
B. vosnesenskii queens are larger than the workers. Queens measure between between 18 and 21 mm long, while the workers (females) range from 8 and 17 mm. The males? 10 to 15 mm long.
The yellow bush lupine, which can reach a height of seven feet and a width of four feet, seems to be occupying places where the invasive ice plant took hold. Volunteers from the California Native Plant Society are removing the ice plant at Doran Regional Park and Bodega Head. (Bumble bees forage on ice plant blossoms, as well.)
The California Invasive Plant Council describes yellow bush lupine as "native to southern and central California. It was introduced repeatedly to many dune systems as a sand stabilizer during the early to mid-1900s...it "reproduces solely by seed. It is self-compatible and is pollinated by bumble bees."
Globally, there are 250 bumble bee species, all in the genus Bombus. B. vosnesenskii is one of the most common Bombus species on the West Coast. Thankfully, it has not reached endangered status.
For more information on bumble bees, read Bumble Bees of North America: An Identification Guide (Princeton University, 2014), co-authored by Robbin Thorp (1933-2019) distinguished emeritus professor, UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology.