- (Focus Area) Health
- Author: Shannon Ad Klisch
In the last 12 months, have you ever:
- worried that your food would run out before you got money to buy more?
- been unable to afford balanced meals?
- cut the size of your meals or skipped meals because there wasn't enough money for food?
- lost weight because there wasn't enough money for food?
- relied on only a few kinds of low-cost foods to feed your children because there wasn't enough money for food?
- been unable to feed your children a balanced meal because you couldn't afford it?
If you answered yes to more than three of these, then you are likely among the 17 million American households (12.8% of us) who have experienced food insecurity. This is only a sample of the ten to 18 questions that the USDA uses to track and monitor household food security every year and to rate the level of food security based on participant households' responses from food secure to very low food security depending on the number of affirmative answers provided.
During the pandemic and in the years leading up to it, the rate of overall food insecurity stayed relatively stable. This seems surprising, that as millions of Americans lost their jobs and suffered from negative health consequences, food security remained flat. Only recently have we started to see the upward trend in food insecurity return.
In their 2023 report, the USDA Economic Research Service notes that food insecurity increased in 2022 across all subpopulations and was significantly higher than the 10.2% prevalence of food insecurity recorded in 2021.
Why didn't food insecurity increase during the COVID-19 pandemic? Why is it increasing now?
Perhaps, policy actions to support low-income households helped:
- In a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Report (Aug 2022), researchers estimate that SNAP emergency allotments (a temporary increase in benefits in response to the COVID-19 pandemic among participating states which ended in the February 2023 issuance) “kept 4.2 million people out of poverty in the fourth quarter of 2021, reducing poverty by 9.6 percent in states with emergency allotments, relative to a scenario in which emergency allotments were eliminated. Child poverty was reduced by 14.0 percent in states with emergency allotments and was reduced most among Black, non Hispanic children, falling by 18.4 percent.”
- In another study (June 2022) researchers found that a 15% increase in SNAP benefits, enacted in January 2021, reduced instances of food insufficiency during the pandemic and also reduced food pantry visits (Bryant and Follett, 2022)
- In one nationally representative study (Dec 2023) of SNAP-participating households, discontinuation of SNAP emergency allotment benefits was significantly associated with increased food insufficiency.
- In a cross-sectional study (June 2023) of US respondents to the Census Bureau Household Pulse Survey, analyses showed that ending emergency allotments was associated with significantly higher overall food insufficiency and child food insufficiency.
SNAP Emergency Allotments were implemented in response to the pandemic. Following their expiration, the average SNAP participant was expected to receive about $90 less in benefits per month (Rosenbaum et al. 2023).
Perhaps this is telling us that, where there is a will to end food insecurity and hunger, there is a way.
See a local story about hunger in the Tribune Dec 7, 2023: https://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/local/article282183253.html
- Author: Linda J Forbes
Con el fin de determinar si los plantíos de cubiertas vegetales son una buena opción para mejorar la salud o el buen estado de las tierras, un grupo de agencias y expertos del condado de Colusa unieron sus esfuerzos en un proyecto, que, además, cuenta con un elemento de promoción y divulgación que permitirá dar a conocer los resultados entre los agricultores locales.
El citado proyecto dio inició en el 2020 y desde entonces se evalúan la siembra de cubiertas vegetales de invierno en cultivos de rotación (los cuales se plantan en el otoño y culminan a finales del invierno o principios de la primavera).
Durante el proyecto de tres años, el equipo ha incrementado significativamente los esfuerzos de divulgación sobre la salud de la tierra en la región, desarrollando al mismo tiempo una fuerte colaboración regional que se ha transferido a otros proyectos. Los hallazgos de la investigación se publicarán al concluir el análisis.
Financiada por el Programa de Suelos Saludables del Departamento de Alimentos y Agricultura de California, la colaboración consistió en la medición de cambios en la salud de las tierras entre dos cultivos de cubiertas vegetales y el control de barbechos, llevando al equipo a innovar en métodos de divulgación para hacer que las prácticas en favor de tierras saludables sean más accesibles.
Promover la salud de la tierra durante el cierre por la pandemia representó un gran desafío para el equipo del proyecto, conformado por Sarah Light, asesora agrónoma para granjas de Extensión Cooperativa de UC; Liz Harper, directora ejecutiva del Distrito para la Conservación de Recursos del condado de Colusa; Rancho Davis; Richter Ag y el Servicio de Conservación de Recursos del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos.
Imposibilitadas para llevar a cabo recorridos de campo o talleres en persona, Light y Harper crearon un canal en YouTube al que llamaron “The Soil Health Connection” (La conexión con la salud de la tierra) y produjeron 29 episodios en inglés y cinco en español. Estos episodios presentan a expertos en la salud de la tierra de todo el estado. Además, se grabaron demostraciones de campo, incluyendo un muestreo de suelos, un recorrido por un campo de cultivo de cubiertas vegetales, evaluaciones sobre la salud de la tierra en el campo siguiendo los protocolos de NRCS y más.
“La colaboración fue efectiva no solo al compartir información sobre cómo administrar cultivos de cubiertas vegetales, pero también nos permitió continuar expandiendo nuestro conocimiento y llevar a cabo la tarea de divulgación durante el COVID, cuando la programación en persona no estaba disponible”, mencionó Light.
Entre los entrevistados se encuentran investigadores, granjeros, rancheros, representantes de la industria, proveedores de asistencia técnica y representantes de la agencia para la conservación de recursos naturales. El canal de YouTube cuenta con más de 200 suscriptores y ganó el premio a la Educación sobre Conservación 2021 otorgado por la California-Nevada Chapter of the Soil and Water Conservation Society (Por el Capítulo de California-Nevada de la Sociedad para la Conservación de Suelos y Agua).
NRCS colaboró en seis de los episodios y los presentó en su boletín estatal Soil Health. Los participantes incluyeron a Jacqueline Vega-Peres, científica de recursos del suelo; Kabir Zahangir, especialista regional en salud de la tierra; Margaret Smither-Kopperl, directora de material vegetal de California; Brandi Murphy, conservador de las tierras del condado de Colusa; Carlos Suárez, conservador del estado de California y Claire Phillips, investigadora sobre tierras de la USDA.
Otras actividades innovadoras fueron la organización de una excursión de campo virtual con créditos de educación continua y dos recorridos en auto presenciales. El proyecto en si fue innovador en términos de llevar a cabo una divulgación virtual y presencial en el condado de Colusa.
“Fuimos los primeros en la región en organizar eventos sobre la salud de la tierra y debido a nuestro sólido equipo se pudo rápidamente dar un giro para cumplir con las regulaciones estatales y locales durante la pandemia”, expresó Light.
La divulgación es algo crítico en la promoción de la salud de la tierra porque demuestra prácticas exitosas y factibles económicamente que los granjeros pueden implementar. “La oportunidad para los agricultores de ver estas prácticas de primera mano en nuestras condiciones de cultivo puede derribar barreras para su implementación”, dijo Light.
Un beneficio duradero del proyecto ha sido la relación de colaboración entre agencias que ellas mismas desarrollaron.
“Al RCD del condado de Colusa le encanta colaborar con Extensión Cooperativa de UC en investigaciones que mejoren la salud de la tierra en el Valle de Sacramento”, manifestó Harper. “Es maravilloso trabajar con Sarah pues nuestras agencias comparten la visión de ampliar la adopción de la conservación agrícola”.
“Reunimos nuestras diferentes fortalezas y creamos algo aún más fuerte”, mencionó Light. “Esto también ha traído otras ventajas, como la fuerza laboral y el desarrollo profesional, una comunidad de recursos naturales más fuerte y una mejora en la asistencia técnica para la conservación y redujo el aislamiento”.
Generar confianza y demostrar un compromiso mutuo en servir han sido personalmente gratificantes también para Light. La experta destacó la importancia encontrar personas con habilidades complementarias y mantener las relaciones de manera efectiva.
El equipo continúa trabajando unido en la región en otro trabajo relacionado con la salud de suelo.
Adaptado al español por Leticia Irigoyen del artículo en inglés
Editado para su publicación por Diana Cervantes

- Author: Brianna Aguayo Villalon
- Editor: Amanda Linares
- Editor: Danielle Lee
Nutrition Policy Institute researchers led a recent study published in the California Agriculture journal. During COVID-related school closures school meal consumption was associated with eating more fruits and vegetables.. Researchers administered online surveys to 3,297 fourth and fifth-grade students in 67 CalFresh Healthy Living–eligible schools and after-school programs in California during the pandemic. Survey results showed that, on average, students who ate one or more school meals daily consumed fruit and vegetables four times per day. This was significantly higher than students who did not eat school meals; they consumed fruits only two times and vegetables three times per day. However, 100% fruit juice accounted for 40% of daily fruit intake and students who ate school meals had significantly higher sugar-sweetened beverage intake with three-quarters of it coming from flavored milk. Study results suggest an opportunity for improvement in supporting and encouraging schools to continue providing nutritious meals, whole fruits instead of 100% juice, and reduce sugary drink consumption by promoting unflavored milk. The study was led by NPI researchers Kaela Plank, Amanda Linares, Sridharshii Hewawitharana, and Gail Woodward-Lopez. This study was conducted as a part of a contract with the California Department of Public Health with funding from the USDA Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education.
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
It did: their research revealed how TSWV (family Tospoviridae, order Bunyavirales) packages its RNA genome, a crucial step in virus infection.
Their newly published research, “The Genome of a Bunyavirus Cannot be Defined at the Level of the Viral Particle But Only at the Scale of the Viral Population,” appears in the current edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
The 18-member research team included scientists primarily from the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE) at the Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier; Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin; and the Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis.
“Our work showed the genome of TSWV can only be defined at the population level, pointing at emerging properties when viral particles infect plants in groups,” said a key author Stéphane Blanc, research director of INRAE's Biology and Genetics of Plant-Pathogen Interactions. “As most virions contain an incomplete genome, TSWV is a multi-component viral system, where co-infection and complementation are key in the life cycle. These findings open a myriad of possibly distinct properties depending on the genetic composition of the group of virions co-infecting a cell.”
“The most challenging part of this work was to create a protocol reliably quantifying the two polarities of each segment,” said lead author Michel Yvon of INRAE. “The next important advance will be to demonstrate that co-infection of cells by a group of particles is key to the spread of infection.”
Ullman, an international authority on orthotospoviruses and one of the four main authors, took a sabbatical to work on the project. “My interest was in understanding how TSWV packaged its RNA genome,” she said. “While this sounds like a simple goal, it is quite complex because TSWV has negative sense and ambisense viral strands and many research tools common to studying other viruses, such as infectious clones were not available.”
“It was a delight to work with the fantastic team of scientists that Stéphane assembled, all very talented with skills in virology, cryoelectron microscopy and nanopore PCR,” Ullman commented. “I cannot imagine a more talented and diverse group of people to conduct this difficult work. I learned a great deal about virus purification from Michel Yvon, whose leadership, skills in virology, and patient teaching really moved our project forward."
German, professor emeritus and former chair of both the Departments of Plant Pathology and Entomology at the University of Wisconsin, died Aug. 27, 2023 at age 82.
“I am indebted to my husband, Jean-Marc Leininger who frequently drove me to the laboratory in Avignon where I was able to rear thousands of virus-infected plants and to store TSWV isolate,” Ullman added. “Jean-Marc not only transported me and my virus specimens, but also learned to mechanically inoculate plants and helped with every inoculation and virus harvest.”
UC Davis postdoctoral scholar Sulley Ben-Mahmoud of the Ullman lab was among the co-authors.
Funding was provided by grants from Montpellier University of Excellence (MUSE); Floriculture and Nursery Research Initiative, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS); and the Fulbright Scholar Program. The authors also acknowledged support from
- Santé des Plantes et Environnementor Plant Health and Environment (SPE)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Institute of Research for Development (IRD)
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM)
- Centre for International Cooperation in Agronomic Research for Development (CIRAD)
- Plant Health Institute of Montpelier (PHIM)
Ullman noted the importance of the research in her Fulbright application: “Sustainable management of insect-transmitted pathogens is a key concern for food production in France and the United States. Both countries grow many of the same crops and growers face similar challenges from insect-transmitted plant viruses. Current management strategies rely heavily on pesticides that may cause significant health and environmental concerns, including damage to bees and other pollinators, as shown with neonicotinoid pesticides. Clearly, better knowledge about these insect-transmitted viral systems…has potential to reduce pesticide use by providing novel and innovative technologies to manage orthotospoviruses and thrips in France and the United States.”
Ullman, a former chair of the Department of Entomology and a former associate dean of the UC Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, anticipates strong research relationships between UC Davis and Montpellier that will lead to grant applications for international research and scholarly exchange opportunities for scientists, students, and post-doctoral scholars.
Significance
In their significance statement, the authors wrote: “Bunyaviruses infect animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Despite their importance, fundamental aspects of their biology as basic as the definition of their genome remain elusive. The viral genome consists of several negative or ambisense RNA segments, and virions often miss segments and/or package complementary strands. We formally quantify this heterogeneity on the species Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus. Within individual virus particles, the number, the identity, and the polarity of the segments are widely variable. In contrast, we show that a stable genetic composition is an emerging property of the viral population, each of the RNA segments/polarities accumulating reproducibly at a specific frequency. This resembles the genome formula of multipartite viruses, suggesting that bunyaviruses may also function as multicomponent viral systems.”
Their abstract: “Bunyaviruses are enveloped negative or ambisense single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome divided into several segments. The canonical view depicts each viral particle packaging one copy of each genomic segment in one polarity named the viral strand. Several opposing observations revealed nonequal ratios of the segments, uneven number of segments per virion, and even packaging of viral complementary strands. Unfortunately, these observations result from studies often addressing other questions, on distinct viral species, and not using accurate quantitative methods. Hence, what RNA segments and strands are packaged as the genome of any bunyavirus remains largely ambiguous. We addressed this issue by first investigating the virion size distribution and RNA content in populations of the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) using microscopy and tomography. These revealed heterogeneity in viral particle volume and amount of RNA content, with a surprising lack of correlation between the two. Then, the ratios of all genomic segments and strands were established using RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR. Within virions, both plus and minus strands (but no mRNA) are packaged for each of the three L, M, and S segments, in reproducible nonequimolar proportions determined by those in total cell extracts. These results show that virions differ in their genomic content but together build up a highly reproducible genetic composition of the viral population. This resembles the genome formula described for multipartite viruses, with which some species of the order Bunyavirales may share some aspects of the way of life, particularly emerging properties at a supravirion scale.”


- Author: Danielle Lee
- Editor: Suzanne M Rauzon
Un informe de investigación reciente del Instituto de Políticas de Nutrición arroja luz sobre las experiencias de los participantes recién inscritos en el Programa Especial de Nutrición Suplementaria para Mujeres, Bebés y Niños, comúnmente conocido como WIC. El informe, basado en la Encuesta de Satisfacción de los Participantes de WIC Multiestatales de 2021, comparte las experiencias de 26,642 participantes de WIC encuestados en 12 agencias estatales de WIC, centrándose en los impactos de los cambios temporales en el paquete de alimentos de WIC durante la pandemia de COVID-19.
De los 7,831 participantes que respondieron a la pregunta abierta en la que se les pedía que compartieran cualquier comentario sobre su experiencia con WIC, los comentarios fueron generalmente positivos (43%), y solo el 7% informó dificultades para encontrar alimentos de WIC. Sin embargo, el estudio reveló que los participantes nuevos en WIC, con menos de un año en el programa, encontraron más desafíos para comprar alimentos de WIC en comparación con aquellos con períodos de inscripción más largos.
Un participante expresó: "Todavía no puedo encontrar algunos productos que WIC está proporcionando, es muy complicado encontrar productos". Los nuevos participantes a menudo enfrentaron dificultades en las cajas de las tiendas, citando confusión con la tarjeta y la aplicación de WIC. Un participante mencionó: "Es confuso cómo usar la tarjeta WIC en diferentes tiendas, parece que tienes que aprender por ensayo y error, lo que puede ser vergonzoso". Los participantes en WIC solicitaron flexibilidad para sustituir frutas y verduras enteras en lugar de alimentos infantiles en frascos y jugos. Un participante dijo: "Me gustaría tener más dinero para comprar frutas y verduras y tal vez quitar la opción de jugo. Mi pediatra y la Academia Americana de Pediatría están de acuerdo". La investigación de NPI sugiere brindar un mayor apoyo a los nuevos participantes de WIC, centrándose en comprender los paquetes de alimentos de WIC y cómo usar correctamente la aplicación de WIC para comprar e identificar alimentos aprobados por WIC, y considerando opciones ampliadas de frutas y verduras enteras en lugar de alimentos infantiles en frascos y jugos. La investigación se llevó a cabo en colaboración con Gabriel Underwood y Loan Kim de la Universidad de Pepperdine, Danielle Lee y Lorrene Ritchie de NPI, y Christina Chauvenet de la Asociación Nacional de WIC.
Adaptado al español por Ricardo Vela del artículo en inglés.