- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
His seminar begins at 4:10 p.m. Monday, Nov. 6 in Room 122, Briggs Hall, and also will be on Zoom. The Zoom link:
https://ucdavis.zoom.us/j/95882849672
"Growers consider soilborne disease management one of their main production issues," Hong writes in his abstract. "It is estimated that members of the soilborne pest complex (SPC), weeds, nematodes, fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, and protozoans, account for 10-20 percent crop loss annually worldwide. Methyl bromide was used to manage the SPC, however, it was discovered that it contributed to ozone depletion, thus was banned worldwide. Currently, no registered alternative chemical fumigant is as effective as methyl bromide for SPC management. Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is biologically based alternative to soil fumigation. ASD consists of amending the soil with a labile carbon source, tarping the soil with a plastic film, and watering the soil under the film to field capacity. During the ASD process the soil microbiome undergoes populations shifts and various anti-microbial compounds are produced. ASD has shown to be as effective as methyl bromide SPC management. This presentation will discuss the history of ASD and current research."
Hong holds a bachelor's degree in microbiology from The Ohio State University and received both his master's and doctorate in plant pathology from the University of Florida. He then served as a post doctoral fellow at West Virginia University, followed by a postdoctoral fellowship at USDA.
See his 2020 YouTube video in which he "discusses his path into the field of plant pathology, and the research that he currently conducts that is improving agricultural output in key food crops. Dr. Hong also highlights the key role that the USDA plays in modern society as the holder of more US patents than any other organization. Dr. Hong focuses his research presentation on techniques that he and his team are developing to increase food production by improving soil microbial health."
Seminar coordinator is Brian Johnson, associate professor, UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology. For Zoom technical issues, he may be reached at brnjohnson@ucdavis.edu. The list of seminars is posted here.
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
They all socialized and enjoyed a buffet dinner, followed by a cake. No predation! The occasion: the Bohart Museum's annual pre-Halloween party, hosted by the Bohart Museum Society.
- The queen bee: UC Davis distinguished professor Lynn Kimsey, director of the Bohart Museum
- The praying mantis: Tabatha Yang, education and outreach coordinator of the Bohart Museum
- The green darner dragonfly: Christofer Brothers, a UC Davis doctoral candidate researching dragonflies
- The monarch: Barbara Heinsch, a Bohart Museum volunteer, who arrived with her entomologist-husband, Mike Pitcairn, retired senior environmental scientist, supervisor, California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA). He wore his CDFA lab coat and swung an insect net.
UC Davis entomology alumna Ivana Li, a biology lab manager at UC Davis, catered the event and arrived with her dog, Juniper, dressed as a taco. Lynn Kimsey cut a carrot cake, decorated with tiny carrots and large googly eyes. Forensic entomologist Robert "Bob" Kimsey, dressed in his ghillie suit, served beverages.
Some attendees, including Joanna Chiu, professor and chair of the Department of Entomology and Nematology; UC Davis doctoral alumna Fran Keller, professor at Folsom Lake College; Bohart Museum associate Greg Karofelas; UC Davis doctoral alumnus Dick Meyer (who studied with the late Richard Bohart); and entomology student Kaitai Liu, arrived as themselves, sans Halloween costumes.
Background. The Bohart Museum, located in Room 1124 of the Academic Surge Building, 455 Crocker Lane, houses a global collection of eight million insect specimens, plus a live insect petting zoo and a gift shop. Founded in 1946 by the late UC Davis professor Richard Bohart, it has been directed by Kimsey, his former doctoral student, since 1990.
A recognized authority on insect biodiversity, systematics and biogeography of parasitic wasps, urban entomology, civil forensic entomology, and arthropod-related industrial hygiene, Kimsey is a 34-year member of the UC Davis entomology faculty and a UC Davis alumna, holding bachelor and doctoral degrees in entomology.
When former department chair Richard Bohart (for whom the museum is named), founded the museum in 1946, it was a “hole in the wall” in Briggs Hall that included only 400 insect specimens. Under Kimsey's tenure, it has grown to a global collection of eight million insect specimens and is the seventh largest insect collection in North America.
The Bohart draws an average of 15,000 visitors a year, adds an average of 30,000 new specimens annually, and loans an average 7000 specimens yearly to scientists worldwide. It supports campus classes with specimens, live insects and exhibits in keeping with its mission: “Understanding, documenting and communicating terrestrial arthropod diversity.”
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
The Deep Look crew filmed the footage of the varroa mites with the assistance of Niño and Joseph Tauzer, manager of the Harry H. Laidlaw Jr. Honey Bee Research Facility, Bee Biology Road. Other segments of the production were filmed elsewhere.
The video was publicly released Oct. 24.
"They really did a great job, just like with the one on bee bread also done in my lab a few years back (2019)," said Niño, who also is the founder and director of the California Master Beekeeper Program. (See "Honey Bees Make Honey...and Bread?")
Varroa mites (Varroa destructor), natives of Asia, are external parasitic mites that feed on and weaken honey bees. They can spread such viruses as the deformed wing virus.
Beekeepers typically describe varroa mites as "Public Enemy No. 1" or as "A Beekeeper's Worst Enemy." In the Deep Look video, host Laura Klivans comments: "Every year, up to half the managed honeybee hives in the United States die from hazards like pesticide exposure, lack of flowers to forage on year-round, and varroa mites...varroa mites are great at sneaking into hives, hiding, and reproducing like mad."
Varroa mites reproduce only in a bee colony. The mites are small--measuring about 1–1.8 mm long and 1.5–2 mm wide--but they are huge to a bee. "It's as if you were carrying around a tick the size of a dinner plate," Klivans says.
Scientists first detected varroa mites in the United States in the 1980s. "They evolved on eastern honeybees, in Asia," Klivans notes. "That's why the western honeybees in the Americas and Europe aren't yet good at defending against them."
Research is underway to breed bees that will better target the mites. "The U.S. Department of Agriculture and private companies are breeding bees that can sniff out varroa mites," according to Deep Look. "When the bees find some, they uncap the cells and interrupt reproduction."
The video also focuses on "the sugar shake," a procedure used to monitor and estimate the number of varroa mites in a bee colony. It involves adding a half of a cup of bees (about 300) from the brood comb to a jar with a mesh lid, dropping in two tablespoons of confectioners' sugar, shaking the jar for 30 seconds to dislodge the mites, and emptying the contents on a tray. The beekeepers then count the number of varroa mites, estimate the severity of infestation, and decide what needs to be done.
Deep Look humorously describes the sugar-coated mites as "frosted varroa mites."
"The U.S. Department of Agriculture and private companies are breeding bees that can sniff out varroa mites," Klivans tells viewers. "When the bees find some, they uncap the cells and interrupt reproduction." Through queen bee insemination, scientists at Purdue and Central State universities are breeding honeybees known as “mite-biters." (See news story)
In addition to Niño and Tauzer, researchers consulted included Adam Finkelstein, VP Queen Bees; Krispn Given, Purdue Universities; Cameron Jack, University of Florida; Jeff Harris, Mississippi State University; Hongmei Li-Byarlay, Central State University; Samuel Ramsey, University of Colorado, Boulder; and Frank Rinkevich, USDA.
Credits include Deep Look producer/writer Gabriela Quirós; cinematographer Josh Cassidy; narrator/writer Laura Klivans; original music Seth Samuel; and editors/motion graphics Gabriela Quirós and Kia Simon.
In 2007, Deep Look filmed bee breeder-geneticist Susan Cobey (now of Washington State University) inseminating bee queens in the Laidlaw lab. At the time, Cobey managed the Laidlaw facility. Also in the video, the late Eric Mussen (1944-2022), Extension apiculturist and member of the UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology faculty, discusses colony collapse disorder.
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
Newly retired from teaching but not entirely from research, Page holds the titles of ASU Provost Emeritus and Regents Professor Emeritus, as well as UC Davis Entomology Chair Emeritus.
Bee World published his article, "The Art of the Bee," as well as a one-on-one interview with editor Robert Brodschneider in a piece titled "Robert E. Page Jr--Mapper of the Genetic Architecture of the Honey Bee."
In his article, Page zeroes in on his latest book, The Art of the Bee: Shaping the Environment from Landscapes to Societies, 2020, Oxford University Press), focusing on the importance of honey bees and making science understandable to the public.
Page applauds the work of Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), known as a German geographer, naturalist, explorer, and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science.
"Von Humboldt appealed to artists to learn about nature, and ecology, and paint it," Page wrote. "He believed that artists and writers could do more to advance an understanding of science and nature than the scientific specialist. His plea was for making science understandable to the public, a plea for popular science."
Page strongly supports that plea. Earlier this year, he created a free and publicly accessible YouTube channel, "The Art of the Bee," at https://www.youtube.com/@artofthebee to do just that.
His YouTube channel guides the viewer through "the fascinating biology and behavior of the bee," presented in 38 videos from 4 to 27 minutes in length. He organized the videos into six series that roughly correspond to the nine chapters of the book. He included "a rich set of illustrations, images, and videos, to paint a narrative in the spirit of von Humboldt."
In the first segment, Page writes: "One hundred twenty-five million years ago, the earth exploded with colour with the rapid evolution of flowering plants. The explosion coincided with a rapid increase of species of bees. The bees and flowering plants were locked in a dialectical dance of coevolution, each becoming adapted to the other. The flowers evolved to exploit the feeding habits of bees, and bees evolved to rob the flowers of their precious loads of pollen and nectar. Bees became social and developed communication and navigational systems to better exploit their environment. They continue to transform our world through their effects on the agricultural landscapes and the food we eat. Honey bees have evolved mechanisms to forage optimally both as individuals and colonies, expending their energy and short lives to maximally provision their nest. Their communication system directs foragers to different floral patches at different times of day reflected in the changing kaleidoscope of colour on the legs of returning pollen foragers. Their pollination transforms the landscape in the spring into splashes of colour resembling a painter's pallet."
Page's Bee World article includes this text from his book: "The impact of bees on our world is immeasurable. Bees are responsible for the evolution of the vast array of brightly-colored flowers and for engineering the niches of multitudes of plants, animals, and microbes. They've painted our landscapes with flowers through their pollination activities and have evolved the most complex societies to aid their exploitation of the environment. The biology of the honey bee is one that reflects their role in transforming environments with their anatomical adaptations and a complex language that together function to exploit floral resources. A complex social system that includes a division of labour builds, defends, and provisions nests containing tens of thousands of individuals, only one of whom reproduces. Traditional biology texts present stratified layers of knowledge where the reader excavates levels of biological organization, each building on the last. This book (The Art of the Bee: Shaping the Environment from Landscapes to Societies) presents fundamental biology, not in layers, but wrapped around interesting themes and concepts, and in ways designed to explore and understand each concept. It examines the coevolution of bees and flowering plants, bees as engineers of the environment, the evolution of sociality, the honey bee as a superorganism and how it evolves, and the mating behaviour of the queen."
Native of Bakersfield. A native of Bakersfield, Rob holds a bachelor's degree in entomology (1976), with a minor in chemistry, from San Jose State University. He obtained his doctorate in entomology (1980) from UC Davis; joined the UC Davis faculty in 1989; and chaired the Department of Entomology from 1999 to 2004.
After retiring from UC Davis in 2004, he accepted an appointment at Arizona State University as founding director of the School of Life Sciences. He served as provost of Arizona State University (2013- 2015) and dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (2011-2013). His research on honey bee behavior and genetics appears in his publications Queen Rearing and Bee Breeding (1997, with Harry H. Laidlaw Jr., his doctoral research mentor at UC Davis and "the father of honey bee genetics"); The Spirit of the Hive, Harvard University Press (2013); and The Art of the Bee, Oxford University Press (2020). His 230-plus research papers have been cited more than 20,000 times.
Much of his research occurred at UC Davis. For 24 years, from 1989 to 2015, Page maintained a honey bee-breeding program, managed by bee breeder-geneticist Kim Fondrk. Their contributions include discovering a link between social behavior and maternal traits in bees. Their work was featured in a cover story in the journal Nature. In all, Nature featured his work on four covers from work mostly done at UC Davis.
Bee World Interview. In the interview with Bee World editor Brodschneider of the Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Austria, Page told him: "I have never been a hobby beekeeper. I have only kept bees for my experimental needs. I have kept more than 300 hives at a time, but I had an excellent technician for about 25 years, Kim Fondrk. Kim could do everything: instrumental insemination, raise queens, manage large numbers of colonies, run gel electrophoresis and PCR in the lab, and even constructed some of the equipment we used in the lab. I was very fortunate because I wasn't a very good beekeeper. I would only pay attention to one thing at a time. I didn't have the eye for seeing apicultural problems."
Brodschneider: "What would you rate as your most important research finding in honey bees?"
Page: "I think that must be mapping the phenotypic and genetic architectures of pollen hoarding behavior. It wasn't a fast 'discovery' but the result of 30 years of being fixated on the question 'how do bees evolve complex social behavior.' I used pollen hoarding (the storing of surplus pollen in the nest) as my study phenotype and looked at all levels of biological organization from gene to complex social interactions to construct the architectures."
Brodschneider: "How about your honey bee breeding experiments?"
Page: "I had three over my career. The first was done with Norman Gary (now emeritus professor, UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology). We did a bi-directional selection for resistance to tracheal mites. We did this soon after they were introduced into North America and were causing a lot of problems for beekeepers. We successfully selected a line that was resistant to tracheal mites and another that was very susceptible. We demonstrated that it was possible to select for resistance. The bi-directional selection for pollen hoarding went on for 25 years and was very successful. The high strain stored more than 10 times the amount of pollen in the combs than did the low strain. These strains became our tools to dissect the genetic and phenotypic architectures. Gloria Hoffman at the Tucson USDA research lab, Kim Fondrk, and I did a very careful bi-directional selection study on varroa resistance. We were not successful. We were selecting for physiological resistance of larvae to varroa. This was our only failure. I don't think it is really possible to succeed. I don't think there is sufficient genetic variation. Certainly no one has done it more carefully or more controlled than we did."
Brodschneider: "Which big research questions in bees remain unsolved?"
Page: "They are all big. I think understanding the genetic networks that control behavior, development, and resistance to bee diseases will dominate honey bee research for the next generation. But, there is still so much to learn about basic methods of culturing bees such as: in vitro rearing of queens, drones, and workers; maintaining viable colonies of bees in confinement; sperm and embryo storage, nutritional substitutes; controlling the foraging of colonies, etc."
Brodschneider: "Are you still involved in some research?"
Page: "What I think is my final research paper is submitted for publication. I am one of several authors but I am very proud of my contribution. It is a paper about how you can take a large set of gene expression data and derive from it coordinated sets of genes that represent a network of interactions controlling a behavior or a physiological function."
Brodschneider: "Together with Harry Laidlaw you worked on bee breeding in the early 1980s. What has changed since then in the honey bee stock kept in the United States and in the breeding programs?"
Page: "I don't think much has changed at all with respect to commercial breeding programs. Queen producers are still primarily queen producers and not queen breeders. I think they do control their stock somewhat through their culling process when they select queen and drone mother colonies. The very few that do really breed bees, like Sue Cobey (who studied with Laidlaw and later became a bee breeder-geneticist at UC Davis and is now with Washington State University) and her New World Carniolans use traditional breeding methods: measure phenotypes, select parents, control matings, and get stock improvements. Sue is one of the few to use instrumental insemination to control mating. I suspect practices today are much like what has gone on since the beginning of agriculture in human societies. I think there is only so far you can go with these methods because there are constraints on what phenotypes you can 'squeeze' out of the honey bee genome. And there are serious social constraints, for example, if you breed too far for hygienic behavior you can get colonies that tear down all of the comb and don't raise brood. Or if you do like I did, breed colonies to collect too much pollen it is pathological because they plug up the brood nest with pollen. We have not yet seen modern molecular genetic tools provide stock improvement, though there has been some limited use of them for markers used in selection. There are severe obstacles due primarily to its social system. For example, if you genetically modify a queen or workers, larvae or adults, they will be detected by the other workers and eliminated. Changing social structure is complex."
Page described current beekeeping in the United States as "Adaptable and curious. It is amazing how quickly and how well the industry responds to the plethora of problems, old and new, that confront the industry. And they succeed because every commercial beekeeper I ever met was curious and was always experimenting to find better ways."
In other comments, Page said that the most urgent problems in beekeeping today involve "Varroa, varroa, varroa. We have to keep looking for better control and management methods. I have been surprised that researchers and the bee industry have done as well as they have to stay ahead of the potential total disaster that varroa can cause."
Resources:
- "Why Bees Are Artists and Engineers: Robert E. Page's New Book," July 30, 2020, Bug Squad blog, UC Agriculture and Natural Resources
- Rob Page's Newly Launched YouTube Channel: The Fascinating World of Bees," May 4, 2023, UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology
- Honey Bee Geneticist Rob Page Named UC Davis Distinguished Professor, Jan. 8, 2018, UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology
- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
Butterfly and monarch scientists will discuss their expertise at the Bohart Museum of Entomology open house on "Monarchs," set Saturday, Nov. 4 from 1 to 4 p.m.
The event, free and family friendly, will be held in Room 1124 of the Academic Surge Building, Crocker Lane. This is an opportunity for attendees to ask questions about monarchs (Danaus plexippus) and native vs. non-native milkweed, among other topics.
The scientists will include:
- UC Davis distinguished professor emeritus Art Shapiro of the Department of Evolution and Ecology, who has studied butterfly populations in central California since 1972 and maintains a research website, Art's Butterfly World.
- UC Davis emeritus professor Hugh Dingle, a worldwide authority on animal migration, including monarchs. He is the author of Migration: The Biology of Life on the Move (Oxford University Press), a sequel to the first edition published in 1996. See news story on the UC Davis Entomology and Nematology website.
- UC Davis professor Louie Yang, who does research on monarchs. Due to parental duties, he may be able to attend only the last part of the open house. See news story about his work.
- UC Davis professor Elizabeth Crone of the Department of Evolution and Ecology, formerly of Tufts University, who researches monarchs. See news story about the declining monarch population on the UC Davis Entomology and Nematology website.
- UC Davis postdoctoral fellow Aramee Diethelm of the Elizabeth Crone lab. She holds a doctorate from the University of Nevada, Reno. Both her Ph.D. and postdoctoral work are on monarch butterflies. As a doctoral student, she investigated the phytochemical landscape of milkweed (Asclepias) species across northern Nevada and the effects of this variation on western monarch (Danaus plexippus) butterfly performance. See her research posted on Google Scholar, and her blog on "Drought Influences Monarch Host Plant Selection."
Shapiro points out that the monarch "is NOT a focal species in my research and I am NOT a monarch expert. On the other hand, I have a unique breeding-season census data set starting in 1999. The only other census data are for the overwintering roosts on the coast. It has become apparent that the two data sets do not always agree." Shapiro said he'd talk briefly about this at the open house.
"The iconic black and orange monarch butterfly is known for its astonishing long-distance annual migration and reliance on milkweed as its obligate larval host plant," according to a post on the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW). "Though genetically similar, there are two subpopulations of monarchs in North America, with the eastern population overwintering in Mexico and breeding in the midwestern states, and the western population overwintering in coastal California and fanning out across the west from Arizona to Idaho. Outside the U.S., there are at least 74 known populations of resident, non-migratory monarchs that have established around the world in the past 200 years, all with origins in North America (Nial et al. 2019)."
"Both North American migratory populations have declined over the past twenty years due to a suite of interrelated factors including habitat loss in breeding and overwintering sites, habitat degradation, disease, pesticide exposure, and climate change," CDFW says. "Recently the western population has experienced dramatic swings, for a low of less than 2,000 in 2020-21 to over 200,000 in 2021-22 (Xerces Society Western Monarch Count). While it is unclear which of the many factors are driving these dynamics, insect population commonly fluctuate from year to year. The overall downward trend remains concerning, particularly if the threats are not ameliorated. Though more research is needed, a stable population for western monarchs is likely closer to the historic averages in the 1980's, which are estimated to have ranged between one to four million overwintering butterflies."
"n 2014, monarchs were petitioned to be listed under the federal Endangered Species Act. In December 2020, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service found that listing was warranted but precluded by other listing actions on its National Priority List. The monarch is currently slated to be listed in 2024."
The monarch population is in trouble. Says the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation in a post on its website: "In the 1990s, hundreds of millions of monarchs made the epic flight each fall from the northern plains of the U.S. and Canada to sites in the oyamel fir forests in central Mexico, and more than a million monarchs overwintered in forested groves on the California coast. Now, researchers and community scientists estimate that only a fraction of the population remains—a decline of approximately 70% has been seen in central Mexico and a decline of >90% has been seen in California."
Resources/Further Reading:
- Monarch Butterfly, California Department of Fish and Wildlife
- Research Permits, CDFW
- Western Monarch Mllkweed Mapper
- Integrated Monarch Monitoring Program, Monarch Joint Venture
- Western Monarch Count, Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation
- Monarch Butterfly Conservation, Xerces Society
- Spreading Milkweed, Not Myths, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- Habitat Corridor Project, Views on milkweed
- Tropical Milkweed Doesn't Deserve the Bad Rap, Bug Squad blog, views on the ban of tropical milkweed by UC Davis emeriti professors Art Shapiro and Hugh Dingle, and Washington State University entomologist David James, who studies migratory monarchs.