The results of the 2019 UCCE Delta field corn variety trial (Fig. 1), located on Tyler Island, are presented in Table 1. Three replicate blocks of fourteen varieties were planted on May 7th by air planter. The fourteen varieties included 11 varieties submitted by seed companies and three submitted by the grower. All varieties were glyphosate tolerant. Each plot consisted of four 30-inch beds on an average row length of 1300 feet. Seed was planted approximately two inches deep and six inches apart down the row. The soil is a Rindge mucky silt loam with approximately 20 percent organic matter in the top 15 inches of soil. The Rindge series is a mucky peat soil down to about 60 inches, and approximately 55,600 acres in the Delta are described by the Rindge classification. The previous crop in the field was corn. Subsurface irrigation by “spud ditch” was employed twice. Anhydrous ammonia was applied pre-plant (115 units N/acre), and 8-24-6 with ½ percent of zinc was knifed in at planting (additional 33 units N/acre). Weed control was by cultivation and glyphosate herbicide program, and Onager miticide was applied. The field was harvested on October 21^st.

Stand counts were made approximately two weeks after planting. The stand was assessed in the center two rows of each four-row plot, counting the plants along a 10-foot length. Bloom was assessed over the week of July 15^th. We monitored disease incidence and plant lodging in late September. Disease incidence, particularly Fusarium ear rot, was lower in 2019 compared to 2018. A sign of Fusarium ear rot is white fungal mycelium around the kernels. The disease is usually introduced to the ears by corn earworm or by thrips that travel down the corn silks at pollination. Incidence may be reduced in varieties with longer or tighter husks that prevent insect infestations. Planting earlier in the season may also reduce incidence, as the crop may reach pollination before insect pests are prevalent. Head smut, a disease that replaces ears with dark brown spores, had low incidence this year. These two diseases are generally managed by variety selection.

The table presents mean values for the three replicates. The statistical method used to compare the means is called the Tukey's range test. Varieties were considered statistically different if their P value was less than 0.05, or 5 percent. What this means is that when differences between varieties exist, we are 95% certain that the two varieties are actually different; the results are not due to random chance. Differences between varieties are indicated by different letters following the mean. For example, a variety that has only the letter “a” after the mean yield value is different from a variety that is followed by only the letter “b”, but it is not different from a variety whose mean value is followed by both letters (“ab”). Similarly, a variety whose mean yield is followed by the letters “ab” is not different from a variety whose mean yield is followed by the letters “bc”. Eight varieties have a letter “a” following their mean yield, which means that those eight varieties all performed similarly in the trial. In other words, based on this research, we cannot attribute numerical differences to varietal differences.

In addition to yield, there were also statistical differences among varieties in days to bloom, Fusarium ear rot, head smut, ear height, grain moisture, and bushelweight. The CV, or coefficient of variation, is the standard deviation divided by the mean, or a measure of variability in relation to the mean. For the diseases, the variability among the three replicates was very high.

For a printable version of this report, please see: https://ucanr.edu/sites/deltacrops/Corn/. Special thanks go to the cooperating growers, Gary and Steve Mello, and the participating seed companies.

Results from the statewide UC small grains variety testing program are now available for the 2018-19 season. The Delta trial location was on Staten Island on a Valdez silt loam soil. Approximately 25,000 acres of soil in the Delta are characterized by the Valdez classification, which generally has less than one percent organic matter in the top foot of soil and can be poorly drained.

The Delta trial was planted on November 15, 2018 and consisted of 38 common wheat varieties and 10 triticale varieties in three replicate blocks. Following a tomato rotation, the trial was planted on 60-inch raised beds, and no nitrogen fertilizer was applied to the field ahead of planting small grains. Neither was irrigation applied during the season, as rainfall amounted to approximately 22.5 inches over the season (Staten Island CIMIS station).

Trial results can be viewed interactively from the Agronomy Research and Information Center Small Grains page. Regional summaries are based on 3 years of trial data across multiple locations. The Delta location is grouped with the Sacramento Valley. These multi-year, multi-environment summaries are what we recommend using for making variety selection decisions because any unusual circumstances in a single year (as from weather) can have a tremendous influence on variety performance.

Single-site summaries are also available and provide data across multiple years. These summaries allow more customized exploration of the data and also allow users to examine genotype by environment patterns in the data. (See heat map below.)

Both interactive sites have features that allow users to view, filter, and sort information. For the best experience, we recommend viewing these sites using a laptop or desktop computer with an up-to-date version of Firefox, Chrome, or Microsoft Edge web browser. (Microsoft Explorer will not work.) All results can also be viewed and downloaded as static tables and figures, with additional information about site characteristics and crop management here.

As we usher the 2019 harvest season, the 2019-20 small grains season is upon us. Don't forget to attend the Delta corn and small grains field meeting on October 15th. I wish everyone fruitful harvest and planting seasons!

 

The results of the 2017 UCCE Delta field corn variety trial, located on Tyler Island, are shown in Table 1 (below). Three replicate blocks of fifteen varieties were planted on May 9th by air planter. The trial was planted almost two weeks later than the 2016 trial, due to the wet winter and spring. The fifteen varieties included 14 varieties submitted by seed companies and one submitted by the grower. Glyphosate-tolerant and conventional varieties were tested; conventional varieties are indicated in Table 1 as (Conv.). Each plot consisted of four 30-inch beds on an average row length of 1218 feet. Seed was planted approximately two inches deep and six inches apart down the row. The soil is a Rindge mucky silt loam with approximately 20 percent organic matter in the top 15 inches of soil. The Rindge series is a mucky peat soil down to about 60 inches, and approximately 55,600 acres in the Delta are described by the Rindge classification. The previous crop in the field was corn. Subsurface irrigation by “spud ditch” was employed three times. Nitrogen was applied pre-plant (125 units/acre as NH₃), and 34 gallons/acre of 8-24-6 with ½% of zinc (additional 31 units/acre of N) was knifed in at planting. Weed control was by cultivation and herbicide program (Laudis, Crosshair, Super Spread MSO, UAN 32%). Onager miticide was applied. The field was harvested on October 18th.

Stand counts were made approximately two weeks after planting, and bloom was assessed over the week of July 10^th. While bloom occurred later this year due to the later planting, the number of days to bloom was less than in 2016. Across all varieties, the average number of days to bloom was 65, compared to 70 in 2016. This is likely due to warmer temperatures in 2017 compared to 2016. The average high temperature between planting and bloom was 86⁰F, and the average low temperature was 52⁰F. There were three days above 100⁰F during the time from planting to bloom, and a total of 11 days over 100⁰F for the season. Whereas, between planting and bloom in 2016, the average high temperature was 84⁰F, the average low temperature was 50⁰F, and there was one day above 100⁰F, (six total for the season). (Temperature data is from the neighboring Staten Island CIMIS station.)

We monitored disease incidence and plant lodging in late September. At that time, very little lodging was observed, as indicated by the data. Heavy winds occurred in early October, however, between rating lodging and harvesting the crop. At harvest, we observed more lodging but did not collect additional data. Based on observations, varieties MY 2D848, ES 7622VT3P, and DKC 63-07RIB experienced more lodging than other varieties from the early-October winds.

The table presents mean values for the three replicates. The statistical method used to compare the means is called Tukey's range test. Varieties were considered statistically different if their P value was less than 0.05, or 5 percent. What this means is that when differences between varieties exist, we are 95% certain that the two varieties are actually different; the results are not due to random chance. Differences between varieties are indicated by different letters following the mean. For example, a variety that has only the letter “a” after the mean yield value is different from a variety that is followed by only the letter “b”, but it is not different from a variety whose mean value is followed by both letters (“ab”). Similarly, a variety whose mean yield is followed by the letters “ab” is not different from a variety whose mean yield is followed by the letters “bc”. Twelve varieties have a letter “a” following their mean yield, which means that those twelve varieties all performed similarly in the trial. In other words, based on this research, we cannot attribute numerical differences to variety differences. Among varieties, there were also statistical differences in bloom date, ear height, grain moisture, and bushelweight. The CV, or coefficient of variation, is the standard deviation divided by the mean, or a measure of variability in relation to the mean. For the diseases, the variability among the three replicates was very high.

Special thanks go to the cooperating growers and seed companies. This report is available from my website.

Fall has arrived, and for many crops, this means that it is harvest season. For small grains, however, the season starts anew. The UC Davis small grains variety evaluations are conducted across the state, including a site in the Delta. The results of last year's evaluations are now available, and we invite you to take a look as you prepare to plant your new crop. 

All of the 2017 trial results are available from this webpage. It is a rich dataset, so allow me to highlight a few things. We evaluated 43 varieties of common wheat and 9 varieties of triticale over 4 replicate blocks at the Delta site. Delta site data and data from other statewide sites are available from the link “single site data” for common wheat and triticale. When viewing the single site data, keep a few things in mind. The data show what varieties performed well under specific conditions. For example, the Delta evaluation was conducted on a Rindge muck soil, which according to soil maps, has about 30 percent organic matter in the top foot of soil. Additionally, the site received approximately 37 inches of rain, and there was standing water for much of the growing season. Under these conditions, the varieties that yielded best were late-maturing varieties. This is visualized in Figure 1, which shows a “heat map” of the yield results by location. Higher yields are represented as blue, and lower yields are represented as red.

To understand trends over time, we suggest reviewing the 3-year summaries, which are available from the link “Yield and Protein Summary” for common wheat and triticale. These summaries indicate which varieties performed consistently well over time. For these summaries, the Delta is grouped with other Sacramento Valley locations. The data indicated that the varieties performed similarly between the Sacramento Valley and the Delta, compared to the San Joaquin Valley and the Delta. This is probably due to similar climatic considerations, like rainfall and temperature. The 3-year summaries rank the varieties for both yield and protein. In the future, rather than tables, the research team will develop an online tool to assist with variety selection that will take both yield and protein into account. Stay tuned for more information on this tool.

Keep in mind that disease ratings are important considerations. Disease ratings are found here, where “S” indicates susceptible varieties and “R” indicates resistant ones. Additionally, some of these varieties are in initial stages of testing, so not all of them are commercially available. Look for whether the variety is “released”, which is indicated on the data tables.

Barley and durum wheat were also evaluated at certain locations but not in the Delta. We will continue trialing small grain varieties in the Delta in 2018.