A Natural Solution for California's Herds: African Catfish Peptides
California's cattle producers and agricultural communities are all too familiar with the rising challenge of antibiotic resistance, making common bacterial infections harder to treat in livestock. But imagine a future where we could tackle these infections with a natural, powerful alternative. Our research points to just that: antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) found in African catfish.
We're really excited about these peptides because African catfish thrive in pathogen-rich freshwater, naturally producing these robust immune compounds in their skin mucus as a defense. This natural origin makes them highly appealing alternatives to synthetic drugs.
Predicted Safety and Potent Action
One of the most compelling aspects of these AMPs is their predicted safety for mammals. Our initial computer analyses suggest that various catfish AMPs are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). We predict they'll be absorbed in the human intestine without causing liver, brain, or heart toxicity. Furthermore, lab tests on a promising peptide, NACAP-II, confirmed it was non-hemolytic, meaning it didn't damage rabbit red blood cells—a strong indicator of its potential safety for mammalian cells.
Beyond safety, these peptides demonstrate effectiveness against problematic bacteria. One study revealed NACAP-II's strong activity against Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli—a critical concern for both animal and human health due to its resistance to many common antibiotics. Another peptide, ACAP-IV, also showed antibacterial activity against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. We believe these AMPs work by directly disrupting bacterial cell membranes, a mechanism that makes it harder for bacteria to develop resistance compared to how they resist traditional antibiotics.
The Path Forward
While these findings are very promising, we want to emphasize that this research is still in its early, laboratory stages. A key challenge we've identified is that some of these peptides have a high molecular weight, which might hinder their absorption if given orally. This means our future work will need to explore advanced delivery methods, potentially involving nanotechnology, or modify the peptides for better absorption and accumulation where they're needed most. Ultimately, more studies are essential to confirm their effectiveness and safety in living animals, such as cattle, and to develop strategies for large-scale production.
From Our Lab to Your Farm: Smarter Strategies for Antimicrobial Resistance
As fellow researchers who have been studying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in California dairy cattle, we want to share some important insights from our recent work. Our studies highlight that while we don't focus on new types of drugs to replace antibiotics, the most critical "alternative" is actually smarter, more targeted management and a deep understanding of pathogen behavior on your farm. This approach aims to reduce the need for antibiotics or minimize the development and spread of resistance when antibiotics are necessary.
Identification, Synthesis, and In Vitro Activities of Antimicrobial Peptide from African Catfish against the Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli
Tackling Resistant Salmonella in Cull Cows
First, we've found that Salmonella in cull dairy cows, which contribute to the ground beef supply, often carries resistance to important antimicrobials like tetracyclines, ampicillin, and even ceftriaxone—a drug critical for human medicine. This is definitely a concern for public health. Our research shows that certain cow-level factors, such as prior antimicrobial treatment or culling due to lameness, are associated with higher odds of isolating resistant Salmonella. Conversely, culling a cow due to low milk production was associated with lower odds of resistance.
At the herd level, factors like the number of milking cows and monthly culling rates can also influence the presence of resistant Salmonella. This suggests that improving timely culling decisions—removing cows with mild disease problems before they escalate and require extensive antimicrobial therapy—could be an economical way to reduce the selection pressure for AMR. We also need to investigate specific reasons for culling, especially lameness, to understand its link to resistance.
Unpacking Mastitis: The Importance of Specificity
Second, regarding mastitis, we've extensively characterized Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) species, which are the most common cause of intra-mammary infections (IMI). Historically, these have often been grouped into one class for convenience, or sometimes left untreated. However, our findings reveal a diverse range of different CNS species circulating on US dairies, with Staphylococcus chromogenes and Staphylococcus haemolyticus being the most prevalent. We've seen evidence of persistent subclinical infections, especially with S. chromogenes and S. simulans, where identical strains were isolated from the same udder quarter over consecutive sampling stages.
Our message here is that a better understanding of these specific CNS species and their genetic diversity is crucial for improved management and treatment outcomes. Instead of blanket approaches, identifying the predominant species on your farm can guide species-specific control strategies, including targeted treatment decisions to eliminate persistent infections and improvements in milking practices like teat dipping. This precise identification, perhaps through rapid and low-cost diagnostic tests, is a key step to managing mastitis effectively while minimizing broad-spectrum antibiotic use. The low number of clinical mastitis cases from CNS suggests they mainly cause subclinical chronic infections, reinforcing the need for targeted strategies.
Calves and Antibiotic Use: A Clear Connection
Finally, our work with pre-weaned dairy calves shows a direct link between antibiotic use and the rise of resistance. We observed that administering ceftiofur as a systemic injection or feeding neomycin-supplemented milk replacer to calves leads to an increased concentration of resistant Enterobacteriaceae in their feces. The peak of ceftiofur resistance occurred around three to four days after treatment, with levels decreasing to below pre-treatment levels by seven to eight days post-treatment. Similarly, neomycin resistance increased during administration and then decreased once the antibiotic was discontinued.
This clearly illustrates that AMR is acquired during treatment and can be lost when antimicrobial pressure is removed. This finding strongly supports the importance of prudent antimicrobial stewardship. While antibiotics are sometimes necessary, minimizing their use, especially extra-label use or prophylactic feeding where not strictly justified, can help preserve their effectiveness for when they are truly needed. Initial resistance observed in calves might also be linked to residual antibiotics in colostrum or environmental bacteria ingested by the calves.
The Real "Alternatives" are Smart Choices
In summary, the "alternatives" we emphasize aren't necessarily new medications, but rather strategic management decisions. This includes timely culling, species-specific diagnostics for mastitis, and responsible, prudent use of antibiotics in calves, all aimed at reducing the overall selection pressure for antimicrobial resistance on your dairy.
What specific management practices are you currently implementing to address antibiotic resistance on your farm?
Based on
- Molecular epidemiology of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated at different lactation stages from dairy cattle in the United States
- Association between herd management practices and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella spp. from cull dairy cattle in Central California
- Estimating the Rates of Acquisition and loss of Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae to Antimicrobial Drugs in Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves
Our Research: Guiding California Dairies in the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance
As California dairy owners and farmers, our research provides crucial insights into managing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on our operations. We want to emphasize the importance of judicious antibiotic use and strong stewardship practices to maintain herd health and preserve the effectiveness of these vital medicines.
Understanding Resistance Patterns in Your Herd
Our findings reveal important patterns of antimicrobial resistance in common bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus/Streptococcus spp.) found in the fecal samples of adult dairy cows across California. We observed very low resistance to several drugs commonly given to adult dairy cows, such as cephalosporins and penicillins. This tells us that these particular drugs remain effective when used appropriately.
However, we detected higher rates of AMR to drugs that aren't approved for use in lactating dairy cattle over months of age, including florfenicol, tildipirosin, tilmicosin, and tiamulin. The high resistance to florfenicol, for instance—a drug typically used in beef cattle or non-lactating dairy cattle and calves—might be linked to co-selection with other resistance genes or how resistance spreads between bacteria. These results truly underscore the importance of sticking to labeled drug uses and understanding how resistance can develop even to drugs not directly used in adult lactating cows.
Regional Differences and Management Impacts
We also identified significant differences in AMR across California's dairy regions and seasons. For instance, E. coli isolates from Northern California showed lower resistance to certain antibiotics like ceftiofur compared to the Northern San Joaquin Valley and Greater Southern California. We believe this difference is related to regional variations in management practices and how antibiotics are used, especially for mastitis prevention and treatment. It's noteworthy that some dairies in Northern California didn't use antibiotics for mastitis treatment or prevention, which contributed to lower AMR in those areas. This really suggests that management practices that reduce the overall need for antibiotic treatments can play a significant role in bringing down AMR. The seasonal variations we observed, with higher resistance often seen in winter for E. coli isolates, could be attributed to weather conditions that favor bacterial growth and increase disease, potentially leading to more antibiotic use.
The Dynamics of Antibiotic Treatment and Resistance
Our in-depth study on the dynamics of ceftiofur resistance further highlights the impact of antibiotic treatments. We found that while systemic ceftiofur treatment leads to a rapid increase in resistant Enterobacteriaceae, these levels typically return to pre-treatment baselines within a few days. However, populations of sensitive bacteria can remain suppressed for a longer period. We even observed a cyclical re-emergence of resistance, though at diminishing levels, possibly due to complex interactions within the gut bacteria. These dynamics are critical for us to consider for future AMR surveillance and when designing treatment strategies.
The Path Forward: Stewardship and Smart Choices
In summary, our research emphasizes that while we weren't focused on entirely new non-antibiotic products, the most important "alternative" approach to combating AMR on our dairies is through robust antibiotic stewardship and judicious use. This means making informed decisions in consultation with your veterinarians, selecting antibiotics based on known resistance patterns, adhering strictly to approved drug labels and treatment protocols, and, crucially, implementing best management practices that reduce the incidence of diseases requiring antibiotic intervention in the first place. By doing so, we can help ensure that the antibiotics we rely on for animal health remain effective for generations to come.
Spotlight: Debra Barger, Butte County, 2025 MFP Volunteer (May 2026)
I learned how to can fruits and vegetables from my grandmother while growing up mostly in the Midwest. I loved the cool, earthy smell of a root cellar and took delight in perusing the many rows of colorful jars, especially when it was 95°F outside with 90% humidity.
Wherever the family moved, we always started a vegetable garden, and while I was never much of a fan of okra, fresh-picked tomatoes were always a tasty treat. We went to U-pick peach orchards for several summers, and the sticky, fuzzy sweetness was always a joy I remember that echoed through a snowy winter when we devoured the canned peaches we had put up.
I knew Northern California was a place I could put down roots both personally and professionally when I learned about the delicious, softball-sized U-pick peaches at Chico State’s University Farm. My husband and I planted dozens of fruit trees on an acre+ property to accompany our walnut and almond trees—remnants from the orchards surrounding us. I bought a dehydrator and a three-foot stack of trays that could definitely be assessed as overly enthusiastic until the trees started bearing, but having a house with a basement also meant never having to say no to canning jars at an estate sale.
After attending the first hands-on lab of the MFP online delivery program, I knew I had found the right program to hone my preservation skills for whatever is ripe in the garden. And if you ever need to borrow a vintage jelly strainer, there are two sets in my basement!
If you would like to learn more about how to become a UC Master Food Preserver, please add your name to the interest list and you'll be contacted when recruitment for the next training class begins.
Learning Through Experience: Pickling Asparagus for the First Time (May 2026)
Four valuable lessons that will take the stress out of canning pickled asparagus.
My first time making pickled asparagus at home, by myself, with a borrowed steam canner, was a lot of fun, a fair amount of work, and produced what I would call mixed results, but I have no regrets.
The recipe I used came from The National Center for Home Food Preservation website and says it will make “six wide-mouth pint jars” and starts with a whopping 10 pounds of asparagus. I can’t imagine ever having that much asparagus! I had two-and-a-half pounds to start, and after I trimmed it had just about two pounds ready for processing (Fig. 1). I scaled the recipe by dividing each ingredient by five, which curiously left me with too little brine. I solved this problem by making more brine and wound up throwing some down the sink after filling the jars, but it was just salty vinegar, so no real tragedy there.
After making my first batch of brine and heating the jars, I stuffed my two pounds of asparagus into three straight-sided wide-mouth pint jars, (Fig. 2) which is a many more jars than one would expect based on the recipe, which says 10 pounds will give you six pints (the math would say I should get 1.2 pint jars). I only had enough brine to fill one of the jars.
Reflecting, I believe I should have measured the asparagus I had by volume rather than weight; by pre-stuffing the jars with spears, I could have determined that I had three jars full of spears, then simply halved the original brine recipe.
I quickly made a second batch of brine, and when it boiled, filled all the jars with the brine to ½ inch from the rim of the jar, removed bubbles, wiped the edge, added the two-piece lid, and placed the jars in the canner. Waiting to get a steady stream of steam and a temperature reading of 212°F in the dome, I set the timer and processed the jars for 10 minutes. At the end of the time, I turned off the heat and let it sit undisturbed for an additional five minutes before removing the jars from the steam canner.
Everything sealed, but everything floated, and I can tell the asparagus shrank quite significantly because it twisted around in the jar (Fig. 3). The lessons I learned from my first asparagus canning adventure are that the pickles won’t be ruined if you have to pause to make more brine, the translation of pounds of vegetables into jars of product is at best an estimate, some things can only be learned through experience, and ugly can still be delicious.
I won’t be entering this into any contests at the county fair, that’s for sure. But for a summer picnic, I’ll be ready with some delicious home-canned asparagus on my antipasto platter.
Pickled Asparagus Recipe
For six wide-mouth pint jars
10 pounds asparagus
6 large garlic cloves
4 ½ cups water
4 ½ cups white distilled vinegar (5% acidity)
6 small hot peppers (optional)
½ cup canning salt
3 teaspoons dill seed
Instructions
Wash and rinse canning jars; keep hot until ready to use. Prepare lids according to manufacturer's directions.
Wash asparagus well, but gently, under running water. Cut stems from the bottom to leave spears with tips that fit into the canning jar with a little less than ½-inch headspace. Peel and wash garlic cloves. Place a garlic clove at the bottom of each jar and tightly pack asparagus into jars with the blunt ends down. This is known as a raw pack.
In an 8-quart Dutch oven or saucepot, combine water, vinegar, hot peppers (optional), salt and dill seed. Bring to a boil. Place one hot pepper (if used) in each jar over asparagus spears. Pour boiling hot pickling brine over spears, leaving ½-inch headspace.
Remove air bubbles and adjust headspace if needed. Wipe rims of jars with a dampened, clean paper towel; apply two-piece metal canning lids.
Process in a boiling water (or steam) canner according to the processing time below. Let cool, undisturbed, for 12 to 24 hours and check for seals.
Allow pickled asparagus to sit in processed jars for 3 to 5 days before consumption for best flavor development.
Recommended process time for Pickled Asparagus in a boiling-water canner:
For 12-ounce or pint jars at 0-1,000 ft elevation, process for 10 minutes; 1,001-6,000 ft elevation process for 15 minutes; and above 6,000 feet, process for 20 minutes.
If you have questions about this, or any food preservation activity, reach out to the UC Master Food Preservers Statewide Helpline